Animal husbandry – Aquatic animal culturing – Fish culturing
Reexamination Certificate
2001-09-05
2003-02-18
Abbott, Yvonne (Department: 3644)
Animal husbandry
Aquatic animal culturing
Fish culturing
Reexamination Certificate
active
06520115
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The disclosed invention relates to the field of aquaculture or fish farming, and employs a specially designed large buoyant structure to stabilize and support the components delimiting, servicing, and controlling the water volumes to be farmed.
2. Description of the Related Art
Only a relative few special purpose, large floating platforms appear to have been patented. Lown (U.S. Pat. No. 3,951,086, Apr. 20, 1976 envisions a deck, as in a raft, supported from below by a multiplicity of specialized floating vertical columns that act as motion attenuators in order to achieve a quite stable platform. Matsui (U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,538, Sep. 1, 1981 constructs a “multipurpose” floating structure which is a composite of many individual flotation units joined in a regular reticulated pattern. Kim (U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,243, Sep. 27, 1983) contemplates a waterborne building with prefabricated rooms supported by a modified hemispherical flotation device. Tellington (U.S. Pat. No. 5,588,387, Dec. 31, 1996) couples a plurality of floating modules together to form a composite platform and controls its motion using a system of propulsion jets. Carroll et. al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,921, Oct. 16, 1983) design a modular floating platform that can easily be assembled and disassembled, for use inside partially water-filled vessels. Scholl et. al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,771,484, Nov. 11, 1973) envision an inflatable floating island. None of the above are similar to the AIR Platform described herein.
A greater number of fish farming facilities have been patented, and these can be generally categorized as follows:
Fish farming facilities based on modified ships, barges, or platforms: Bourg (U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,851, Mar. 17, 1992) teaches the conversion of a hopper barge to allow the circulation of water, oxygen, food, antibiotics, etc. as needed within habitation tanks, and this can be adapted for fish or shellfish. Crappel and Crochet (U.S. Pat. No. 5,596,947, Jan. 28, 1997) employ an oil- or gas-well production platform and raise or lower fish cages therefrom. Erickson and Boad (U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,958, Aug. 8, 1995) similarly employ abandoned oil platforms or use a specially constructed platform/support structure.
Fish cages or nets with various designs and features: Yoneya (U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,196, Oct. 9, 1979) designed a simple framed and netted fish enclosure, with a closeable mouth at the top. Streichenberger (U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,350, Mar. 24, 1981) employed a bow net of rigid construction with buoyancy tanks. Knott (U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,086, Oct. 19, 1999) and Keith (U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,917, Oct. 26, 1999) both employed stiff wire mesh (20 gauge or greater) cages, to resist deformation and predators. Otamendi-Busto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,253, Jun. 26, 1990) designed a cylindrical submersible cultivation cage with ballast tanks and a vertical column supporting maintenance and personnel facilities. Vangen (U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,509, Dec. 15, 1987) proposed an array of two rows of rectangular fish cages connected to each other using horizontal pivots. Willinsky and Robson (U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,571, Oct. 12, 1993) described a rotatable, netted geodesic enclosure with flotation chambers, to be moored in a fixed position. Whiffen (U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,331, May 17, 1988) envisioned sea pens with a tightly-controlled buoyancy device to specifically locate the pens in the optimal temperature
utrition zones in the water. Bourgeois (U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,649, Dec. 22, 1992) envisioned concentric frames with radial elements between them, with nets separating each ocean volume delimited by successive frame elements. Rosen and Wullf (U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,169, Jan. 17, 1989) designed a framework of hollow, floating members around a netted enclosure. Koma (U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,064, Sep. 18, 1990) used a similar concept, but extended additional netting to the side, supported by floats, and at the bottom, moored to the sea floor. Holyoak (U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,659, Feb. 7, 1984) designed a multiplicity of cages with similar floating structural members, and employed a conveyor system that moved the cages through feeding zones and into a treatment area. Bones (U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,279, May 13, 1997) utilized a hexagonally-framed fish cage with a specially mounted feeding tube. Nett (U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,697, Jan. 8, 1991) developed a net cage specifically for farming algae-eating aquatic animals, with a means of growing algae on portions of the nets and then making these net surfaces available to the animals.
Solid enclosures with a greater or lesser number of openings: Martelius (U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,773, Feb. 10, 1998) designed a walled structure with some openings in the sides and a flow-intensifying device in the upper edge of the enclosed space, particularly for rearing fry. Brinkworth (U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,218, Jul. 21, 1981) contemplated maintaining a compatible marine environment within an enclosed habitat by importing desirable water from a favorable environment through conduits. Rowley (U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,717, Mar. 23, 1982) employed a plurality of enclosed habitat modules conveniently stacked and served by feeder risers. Meilahn (U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,024, Jun. 9, 1998) described a rigid-walled, floating tank with a floating pump assembly capable of drawing water from variable depths to select the desired temperature and purity.
Apparatuses that provide controlled substrates for cultivation of surface-adhering species, such as abalone: Foster and Locke (U.S. Pat. No. 6,044,798, Apr. 4, 2000) described a framework with removable panels of substrate material that can be suspended in water in the appropriate environment.
In addition, the prior art contains references to specialized devices which are intended to be appurtenances to aquaculture systems, that add special features or improve certain functions of said systems, such as: Ochs (U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,015, Dec. 12, 1989), who designed a special modular marine flotation collar with aquaculture applications, or Morimura (U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,219, Sep. 9, 1986), who designed a specialized floating elastic frame member for use in fish breeding apparati. The current invention being a complete aquaculture system, it does not serve a useful purpose to extensively review patents on component devices.
Considering now the above types of aquaculture devices, the fully-enclosed variants appear cost-effective only for growing small fry to a stage where they may be farmable in other environments, or for crustaceans or other specialized uses. To completely enclose a portion of the ocean environment is impressively costly, compared to simply controlling the area with nets, which represent only minor cost per unit area controlled by comparison. For most applications, such solid (or mostly solid) enclosures do not compare economically to open-habitat fishing the old-fashioned way. Vessel-based aquaculture facilities are similarly expensive because of the cost of the vessel, essentially a “complete enclosure”.
Platform-based or barge-based fish cages appear to be similar to floating fish cages (considered below), but with a different mooring or support principle.
Fish cages or nets are the most cost-effective way of controlling ocean volume, and the many patents in this area offer different design treatments that distinguish them from each other, but seldom offer significant advantages, one over the other, in unique technologies that improve yield, reduce cost, or produce other practical advantages. In general the above-cited inventions fail to economically oxygenate the controlled water, and therefore the concentration of fish to be raised is unduly limited. The AIR Platform is unique in its use of design features to passively oxygenate a large volume of controlled water, thereby increasing the yield of farmed fish to reach a very successful economic comparison with open-ocean fishing. The AIR Platform also uniquely vents bio-waste.
In contradistinction to most prior art, the AIR Platform encourages biodiversity within and upon its struct
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