Substituted anilides

Details Substituted anilides Substituted anilides

2000-04-26

2002-11-12

Shah, Mukund J. (Department: 1624)

Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions

Designated organic active ingredient containing

Having -c-, wherein x is chalcogen, bonded directly to...

C514S352000, C514S598000, C526S346000, C544S332000, C544S336000, C546S265000, C546S309000, C568S049000, C568S050000, C568S051000, C568S052000, C568S053000, C568S054000, C568S055000

Reexamination Certificate

active

06479519

ABSTRACT:

This invention is directed to substituted anilides, their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and their pharmaceutical use in the treatment of disease states capable of being modulated by the inhibition of cell adhesion.
Cell adhesion is a process by which cells associate with each other, migrate towards a specific target or localise within the extra-cellular matrix. Many of the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are mediated by protein ligands (e.g. fibronectin, vitronectin and VCAM-1) and their integrin receptors [e.g. VLA-4 (&agr;
4
&bgr;
1
)]. Recent studies have shown these interactions to play an important part in many physiological (e.g. embryonic development and wound healing) and pathological conditions (e.g. tumour-cell invasion and metastasis, inflammation, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease).
A wide variety of proteins serve as ligands for integrin receptors. In general, the proteins recognised by integrins fall into one of three classes: extracellular matrix proteins, plasma proteins and cell surface proteins. Extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen fibronectin, fibrinogen, laminin, thrombospondin and vitronectin bind to a number of integrins. Many of the adhesive proteins also circulate in plasma and bind to activated blood cells. Additional components in plasma that are ligands for integrins include fibrinogen and factor X. Cell bound complement C3bi and several transmembrane proteins, such as Ig-like cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1,2,3) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), which are members of the Ig superfamily, also serve as cell-surface ligands for some integrins.
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors consisting of two subunits called &agr; and &bgr;. There are at least twelve different &agr;-subunits (&agr;1-&agr;6, &agr;-L, &agr;-M, &agr;-X, &agr;-IIb, &agr;-V and &agr;-E) and at least nine different &bgr; (&bgr;1-&bgr;9) subunits. The integrin family can be subdivided into classes based on the &bgr; subunits, which can be associated with one or more &agr;-subunits. The most widely distributed integrins belong to the &bgr;1 class, also known as the very late antigens (VLA). The second class of integrins are leukocyte specific receptors and consist of one of three &agr;-subunits (&agr;-L, &agr;-M or &agr;-X) complexed with the &bgr;2 protein. The cytoadhesins &agr;-IIb&bgr;3 and &agr;-V&bgr;3, constitute the third class of integrins.
The present invention principally relates to agents which modulate the interaction of the ligand VCAM-1 with its integrin receptor &agr;4&bgr;1 (VLA-4), which is expressed on numerous hematopoietic cells and established cell lines, including hematopoietic precursors, peripheral and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, thymocytes and eosinophils.
The integrin &agr;4&bgr;1 mediates both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Cells expressing &agr;4&bgr;1 bind to the carboxy-terminal cell binding domain of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, to the cytokine-inducible endothelial cell surface protein VCAM-1, and to each other to promote homotypic aggregation. The expression of VCAM-1 by endothelial cells is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as INF-&ggr;, TNF-&agr; and LI-1&bgr;.
Regulation of &agr;4&bgr;1 mediated cell adhesion is important in numerous physiological processes, including T-cell proliferation, B-cell localisation to germinal centres, and adhesion of activated T-cells and eosinophils to endothelial cells. Evidence for the involvement of VLA-4/VCAM-1 interaction in various disease processes such as melanoma cell division in metastasis, T-cell infiltration of synovial membranes in rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, collitis and leukocyte penetration of the blood-brain barrier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disease and multiple sclerosis, has been accumulated by investigating the role of the peptide CS-1 (the variable region of fibronectin to which &agr;4&bgr;1 binds via the sequence Leu-Asp-Val) and antibodies specific for VLA-4 or VCAM-1 in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models of inflammation. For example, in a Streptococcal cell wall-induced experimental model of arthritis in rats, intravenous administration of CS-1 at the initiation of arthritis suppresses both acute and chronic inflammation (S. M. Wahl et al., J.Clin.lnvest., 1994, 94, pages 655-662). In the oxazalone-sensitised model of inflammation (contact hypersensitivity response) in mice, intravenous administration of anti-&agr;4 specific monoclonal antibodies significantly inhibited (50-60% reduction in the ear swelling response) the efferent response (P. L. Chisholm et al. J.lmmunol., 1993, 23, pages 682-688).
We have now found a novel group of substituted anilides which have valuable pharmaceutical properties, in particular the ability to regulate the interaction of VCAM-1 and fibronectin with the integrin VLA-4 (&agr;4&bgr;1).
Thus, in one aspect, the present invention is directed to compounds of general formula (I):
wherein:
R
1
is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy;
X
1
, X
2
and X
6
independently represent N or CR
10
; and
one of X
3
, X
4
and X
5
represents CR
11
and the others independently represents N or CR
10
[where R
10
is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, lower alkylsulphinyl, lower alkylsulphonyl, nitro or trifluoromethyl; and R
11
represents a group —L
1
—Ar
1
—L
2
—Y in which:
L
1
represents a —R
2
—R
3
— linkage, where R
2
is a straight or branched C
1-6
alkylene chain, a straight or branched C
2-6
alkenylene chain or a straight or branched C
2-6
alkynylene chain, and R
3
is a direct bond, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, heteroaryldiyl, —C(═Z)—NR
4
—, —NR
4
—C(═Z)—, —Z
1
—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NOR
4
)—, —NR
4
—C(═Z)—NR
4
—, —SO
2
—NR
4
—, —NR
4
—SO
2
—, —O—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—O—, —NR
4
—C(═O)—O— or —O—C(═O)—NR
4
— (where R
4
is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group; Z is O or S; Z
1
is O, S(O)
n
or NR
4
and n is zero or an integer 1 or 2); but excluding compounds where an oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atom in R
3
is attached directly to a carbon carbon multiple bond in R
2
;
Ar
1
is arylene or heteroaryldiyl;
L
2
represents:
(i) a direct bond;
(ii) an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkenylene, cycloalkylene, heteroaryldiyl, heterocycloalkylene or arylene linkage each optionally substituted by (a) an acidic functional group (or corresponding protected derivative), R
5
, —ZH, —ZR
5
, —C(═O)—R
5
, —N(R
12
)—C(═O)—R
13
, —N(R
12
)—C(═O)—OR
13
, —N(R
12
)—SO
2
—R
13
, —NY
1
Y
2
, or —[C(═O)—N(R
6
)—C(R
4
)(R
7
)]
p
—C(═O)—NY
1
Y
2
, or by (b) alkyl substituted by an acidic functional group (or corresponding protected derivative), or by —ZH, —ZR
5
, —C(═O)—NY
1
Y
2
or —NY
1
Y
2
;
(iii) a —[C(═O)—N(R
6
)—C(R
4
)(R
7
)]
p
— linkage;
(iv) a —Z
2
—R
9
— linkage;
(v) a —C(═O)—CH
2
—C(═O)— linkage;
(vi) a —R
9
—Z
2
—R
9
— linkage; or
(vii) a —C(R
4
)(R
8
)—[C(═O)—N(R
6
)—C(R
4
)(R
7
)]
p
— linkage;
 {in which
R
5
is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkylalkyl;
R
6
is hydrogen, R
5
or alkyl substituted with alkoxy, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, mercapto, alkylthio or —NY
1
Y
2
;
R
7
and R
8
are each independently selected from hydrogen or a group consisting amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives, an acidic functional group (or corresponding protected derivative), R
5
, —ZR
5
, —C(═O)—R
5
, or —C(═O)—NY
1
Y
2
, or alkyl substituted by an acidic functional group (or corresponding protected derivative)or by R
5
, —ZR
5
, —NY
1
Y
2
, —NH—C(═O)—R
5
, —C(═O)—R
2
—NH
2
, —C(&bo

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