Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Micro-organism – per se ; compositions thereof; proces of... – Bacteria or actinomycetales; media therefor
Reexamination Certificate
2000-04-13
2004-01-27
Tate, Christopher R. (Department: 1654)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Micro-organism, per se ; compositions thereof; proces of...
Bacteria or actinomycetales; media therefor
C435S243000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06682925
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is in the field of biopesticides. More particularly, this invention relates to a novel strain of Streptomyces with insecticidal activity and methods of use thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Natural products are substances produced by microbes, plants, and other organisms. Microbial natural products offer an abundant source of chemical diversity. There is a long history of utilizing these natural products for pharmaceutical purposes. Despite the emphasis on natural products for human therapeutics, there are only a few natural product insecticides for agricultural use. The most successful microbial natural product insecticides are the
Bacillus thuringiensis
toxins, avermectin and the spinosyns.
Bacillus thuringiensis
(
Bt
) bacteria produce cytoplasmic protein crystals (&dgr;-endotoxins) during sporulation which are the most important factor in insect pathogenesis (see, Ellar, D. J. (1997) “The structure and function of
Bacillus thuringiensis
&dgr;-endotoxins and prospects for biopesticide improvement,” In:
Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity
? The British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings No. 68, Coventry, UK). The &dgr;-endotoxins have been used in both spray preparations as well as ‘systemic’ biopesticides through the introduction of the endotoxin genes into transgenic plants. The growth of the market for the spray preparations of
Bt
is estimated to be around 10% for 1997 through 2000, which will result in a market of $100-$130 million by 2000 (see, Lisansky, S. (1997) “Microbial biopesticides” In:
Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity
? The British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings No. 68, Coventry, UK.). The main
Bt
transgenic crops are maize and cotton. The transgenic
Bt
maize market in the U.S. has grown from only 1.4% of the planted acreage in 1996 to 19.1% in 1998. The growth in
Bt
cotton has not been as drastic, increasing from 14.6% of the planted acreage in 1996 to 16.8% in 1998. The entire market is currently directed against lepidopteran pests. In 1999, the market for pesticides used against caterpillars in the US exceeded 400 million dollars US.
The avermectins are produced by
Streptomyces avermitilis
during fermentation. Abamectin, one of the naturally occurring macrocyclic lactones, shows activity against mites, pear psylla and diamond back moth. Emamectin, a semi-synthetic analog of abamectin, shows activity against lepidopteran larvae. In invertebrates the avermectins induce the opening of a pre-synaptic chloride ion channel (not GABA-activated), leading to efflux of chloride ions, depolarization of the nerve terminal, and hence, to neurotransmitter release. See, Turner, M. J. and Schaeffer, J. M. (1989) “
Mode of action of Ivermectin
,” In: Ivermectin and Abamectin, W. C. Campbell (Ed.) Springer-Verlag, N.Y. The use of avermectins in insect control had an estimated world market value of $80-$120 million in 1998.
The spinosyns are a new class of fermentation-derived tetracyclic-macrolides produced by the actinomycete
Saccharopolyspora spinosa
. Spinosyns A and D, the principal components of the spinosad insecticide Tracer®, show activity against lepidopteran pests and mosquitoes. See, Sparks, T. C. et al. (1999) “Fermentation-derived insecticide control agents: the spinosyns” In: Biopesticides Use and Delivery, Hall, F. R. et al., eds. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., pp.155-170. Its mode of action is unique, with a primary site of attack on the nicotine acetylcholine receptor and a secondary attack, possibly on or at GABA receptors. See, Salgado, V. L. (1997) “The modes of action of spinosad and other insect control products”
Down to Earth
52:35-43.
Streptomyces are a recognized source of insecticidal natural products. In addition to the avermectins and spinosyns, cholesterol oxidase (Purcell, J. P. et al. (1993)
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
. 196:1406-1413), allosamidin (Sakuda, S. (1986)
Tetrahedron Lett
. 27:2475-2478), valinomycin (Heisey, R. (1988)
J. Agric. Food Chem
. 36:1283-1286), pyrrolizine derivatives (Jizba, J. et al. (1992)
Folia-Microbiologica
37:461-462), respirantin (Urushibata, I. et al. (1993)
J. Antibiotics
46:701-703), prasinons (Box, S. J. et al. (1973)
Appl. Microbiol
. 26:699-704), piercidin (Takahashi, N. et al. (1968)
Agr. Biol. Chem
. 32:1115-1122) griseulin (Nair, M. G. et al. (1993)
J. Antibiotics
46:1762-1763), martinomycin (Carter, G. T. et al. (1994)
J. Antibiotics
47:1549-1553), faeriefungin (Nair, M. G. et al. (1989)
J. Nat. Prod
. 52:797-809), indanomycin (Zhang, D. et al. (1997)
J. Antibiotics
50:617-620), cyclophostin (Kurokawa, T. et al. (1993)
J. Antibiotics
46:1315-1318), manumycin (Zeeck, A. et al. (1987)
J. Antibiotics
40:1530-1540), ichthyomycin (Zizka, Z. et al. (1991)
Cytobios
65:31-38), virginiamycin (Prikrylova, V. et al. (1992)
Folia Microbiol
. 37:386-388), suidatestrin (Knuessel, I., et al. (1998)
Comp. Biochem. Phys. B
. 120B:639-646), gualamycin (Tsuchiya, K. J. (1995)
J. Antibiotics
48:626-629), and other insecticidal natural products have been reported from Streptomyces strains.
Streptomyces galbus
is recognized for its production of the potent anti-botrytis macrolides, galbonolide A and galbonolide B. (Paul A. K. and Banerjee, A. K. (1983)
Folia Microbiol
. 28:386-396; Sigmund, J. M. and Hirsch, C. F. (1998)
J. Antibiotics
51:829-836; Achenbach, H., DE Patent No. 86-3632168; and Zaehner, H., DE Patent No. 3632168). Nakayama et al. (1987)
Agric. Biol. Chem
. 51:853-860, reported the discovery of rustmicin, a potent inhibitor of wheat stem rust,
Puccinia gramnis
. Later, galbonolide A was shown to be the same molecule as rustmicin. Achenbach et al. (1988)
Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci
. 544:128-140, reported galbonolide A to be much more active than galbonolide B against a number of endomycetous yeasts and a large number of Deuteromycetes such as
Candida albicans
and
Botrytis cinerea
. No evidence for ionophoric activity, membrane destabilization, interference with DNA or RNA biosynthesis, or inhibition of chitin biosynthesis could be attributed to these macrolides. Recently Mandala et al. (1998)
J. Biol. Chem
. 24:14942-14949) and Harris et al. (1998)
J. Antibiotics
51:837-844; and Harris, G., et al. Patent No. GB 2324300) demonstrated that rustmicin inhibits inositol phosphoceramide synthetase, the first fungal-specific-enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis. We now document the potent insecticidal properties of a novel strain of
S. galbus
, with activity against a number of agriculturally relevant Lepidoptera.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a novel compound,
Streptomyces galbus
, NRRL Accession No. 30232, and mutants thereof which retain the same activity, for use as an insecticide against Lepidoptera. The invention encompasses the use of supernatants and metabolites from the strain for use as an insecticide. The invention also includes methods of treating plants or fruit to control Lepidoptera infestations using the claimed strain, either alone, or in combination with other chemical or biological pesticides. Further provided are methods to ferment the claimed strain to increase its bioactivity as an insecticide.
MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Deposit of Microorganisms
A strain of
Streptomyces galbus
was deposited on Dec. 10, 1999 according to the Budapest Treaty in the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection (NRRL), Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 University Street, Peoria, Illinois, 61604, USA. The Accession number is NRRL 30232.
The strain has been deposited under conditions that assure that access to the culture will be available during the pendency of this application. The deposit is available as required by foreign patent laws in countries wherein counterparts of the subject application, or its progeny are filed. However, it should be understood that the availability of a deposit does not constitute a license to practice the subject invention in derogation of patent rights granted by government
Baum Nancy Ann
Jimenez Desmond Rito
Lehman Lori Jo
Manker Denise Carol
Marrone Pamela Gail
AgraQuest, Inc.
Morrison & Foerster / LLP
Patten Patricia A
Tate Christopher R.
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