Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Preparations characterized by special physical form – Biocides; animal or insect repellents or attractants
Patent
1998-02-18
2000-07-25
Levy, Neil S.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Preparations characterized by special physical form
Biocides; animal or insect repellents or attractants
424405, 424408, 424646, 514502, A01N 2508
Patent
active
060934166
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to stomach-action molluscicides, stomach poisons or edible baits containing them and their use in killing, controlling and/or inactivating molluscs, in particular, slugs and snails.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Slugs and snails are major pests of agriculture in many parts of the world. Their biology tends to favour activity in moist conditions such as habitats which are continually wet and temperate regions, especially during rainy summers and autumns. As a consequence, their potential for damage is considerable.
The-ecologies of different types of molluscs, which can be either terrestrial or aquatic, are very different and they usually require different types of treatment. The snail species Theba pisana, Cernuella virgata, Helix aspersa and Achatina spp and the slug species, Arion hortensis, Milax budapestensis, Deroceras reticulatum and Limax maximus are of particular interest as targets. The common garden snail, Helix aspersa, and the grey field slug, Deroceras reticulatutni, are common garden pests throughout temperate Australia. These pests have established themselves in many parts of the world, adapting to a wide range of climatic conditions. They rarely increase in numbers above 20 per square meter but cause darnage by feeding, with minor damage due to the mucus on which they move. Helix aspersa is, in general, a nocturnal feeder and in the daytime remains hidden on the underside of leaves, under rocks or in cracks in the soil. It flourishes in moist conditions. On the other hand, there are a group of snails which have been introduced into Australia in the twentieth century. The areas in which these are pests (often over 200 per square meter) are still expanding. These are the white Italian snail, Theba pisana and the vineyard or Mediterranean snail, Cernuella virgata, which can survive long hot summer temperatures by aestivating on weeds and fence posts, retreating into their shells and secreting a hard mucous film to reduce moisture loss and rest. These snails are of some concern to Australian farmers because they also aestivate on the heads of cereal stalks in November and December and during harvest, they clog up the machinery and contaminate the grain, making it either unacceptable or forcing it to be downgraded. There are very significant variations of the pest numbers and in a bad year it is uneconomic to harvest substantial areas of crops. In cold climates, Theba pisana hibernates in winter. The slug, Deroceras reticlilatum, is found throughout temperate areas of the world and it is the major slug variety found in both Australia and the United Kingdom.
Significant crop damage by molluscs also occurs in northern Europe, the Middle East, North and Central America. South East Asia, Japan and New Zealand. In many cases, the rise to pest status of the slug or snail in question is a consequence of change--either in distribution (as in the case of accidental or deliberate introductions) or in agricultural practice, where new crops or systems of cultivation may enable populations to rise to pest levels. For example, approximately two-thirds of the molluscicides in the United Kingdom are used on winter wheat and winter barley. After harvesting, there is a significant amount of stubble left behind. It is present agricultural practice to drill seeds of the next crop directly into the soil, without removing the stubble of the previous crop by, for example, burning. Slugs, which have buried themselves in the soil, move along into these drill holes and eat the inside out of the new seed, thereby potentially destroying the whole planting. Slugs are therefore a major agricultural pest.
Devising methods of controlling these pests presents a formidable task. Control methods involve cultivation practices, chemical and biological methods. Cultivation procedures that remove or make the habitat of the mollusc less attractive, are usually less expensive. Biological control by introduction of natural predators is a preferred method because, in principle the pr
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