Radiant energy – Geological testing or irradiation – Well testing apparatus and methods
Reexamination Certificate
2002-03-28
2004-03-02
Gagliardi, Albert (Department: 2878)
Radiant energy
Geological testing or irradiation
Well testing apparatus and methods
C250S265000, C250S266000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06700115
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed toward the measure of properties of earth formation, and more particularly directed toward nuclear measuring systems and the correction of the formation property measurements for adverse effects of instrument standoff from the borehole wall. The invention can be used to make formation property measurements while drilling the borehole, or subsequent to drilling using wireline techniques.
2. Background of the Art
Essentially all nuclear instrument systems used to measure earth formation parameters from within a well borehole are adversely affected by borehole conditions. Borehole conditions include borehole fluid type, borehole irregularity, and the size of the spacing or “standoff” between the downhole measuring instrument and the wall of the borehole. To increase the accuracy, it is necessary to correct measured parameters for borehole conditions including standoff. This correction process is commonly known as “standoff correction”.
Nuclear measurement systems have been used for decades to measure various properties of earth formation penetrated by a well borehole. The first systems used downhole instruments or “tools” which were conveyed along the borehole by means of a “wireline” cable. In addition, the wireline served as a means of communication between the downhole tool and equipment at the surface, which typically processed measured data to obtain formation parameters of interest as a function of depth within the borehole. These measurements, commonly referred to as “well logs” or simply “logs”, include measures of formation natural gamma radiation, thermal neutron flux, epithermal neutron flux elastic and inelastically scattered neutron, capture gamma radiation, scattered gamma radiation, and the like. A variety of formation parameters are obtained from these measurements, or combinations of these measurements, such as shale content, porosity, density, lithology and hydrocarbon saturation. Most of these nuclear wireline measurements are adversely affected by the borehole. Standoff of the instrument from the borehole wall is an almost universal problem considering the inherently shallow radial depth of investigation of nuclear logging systems.
Wireline systems use a variety of mechanical means to minimize standoff by forcing the tool against the borehole wall. As examples, a prior art neutron porosity tool typically use a bow spring to forced the tool against the borehole wall thereby minimizing standoff effects. A typical scattered gamma ray density tool is constructed with a gamma ray source and one or more gamma ray detectors in a “pad” which is mechanically forced against the borehole wall to again minimize standoff effects. Even though controlling the physical position of a wireline nuclear tool within the borehole aids in minimizing borehole effects including standoff, other tool design and data processing techniques are used to further reduce these adverse effects. As examples, neutron porosity and density tools typically use two or even more radiation detectors at different spacings from a neutron or density source, respectively. Detector responses are then combined using a variety of algorithms to further minimize borehole effects in the final computed parameter of interest. As an example, a dual detector processing method known as the “spine and rib” technique was introduced in the 1960's as a means for compensating dual detector density wireline logs for the effects of standoff. This technique relies solely on the response of the two downhole detectors and a tool calibration to compensate for small tool standoffs that are not overcome by mechanical means. The method is effective for standoff magnitudes of generally less than one inch. For larger standoffs, the spine and rib system, used alone, is not an effective compensation means.
Wireline logging is applicable only after the borehole has been drilled. It was recognized in the 1960s that certain operational and economic advantages could be realized if drilling, borehole directional, and formation properties measurements could be made while the borehole is being drilled. This process is generally referred to as measurement-while-drilling (MWD) for real time drilling parameters such as weight on the drill bit, borehole direction, and the like. Formation property measurements made while drilling, such as formation density, are usually referred to as logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements. The LWD measurements should conceptually be more accurate than their wireline counterparts. This is because the formation is less perturbed in the immediate vicinity of the borehole by the invasion of drilling fluids into the formation. This invasion alters the virgin state of the formation. This effect is particular detrimental to the more shallow depth of investigation nuclear logging measurements.
For brevity, only LWD systems will be discussed. The tools are typically mounted within a drill collar near a drill bit that terminates the lower end of a drill string. The diameter of the drill collar in typically smaller than the diameter of the drill bit. This factor, along with the fact that there is usually a certain amount of drill string “wobble” and “bounce” during drilling, results in a borehole with diameter greater than the bit gauge, which in turn results in varying standoff between the LWD instrument and the borehole wall. Furthermore, circulation of drilling fluid in the borehole tends to wash out or enlarge the borehole causing still greater and more unpredictable standoff. Even though the major elements of most LWD tools are mounted near the periphery of the drill collar and typically within one or more collar stabilizer fins, standoffs can be quite large and can change dramatically with each rotation of the drill string. Mechanical means such as bow springs and powered pad mandrels used in wireline counterparts are obviously not applicable as a means for minimizing standoff in a rotating drill string. Again for brevity, a prior art “gamma—gamma” density LWD system using preferably two gamma ray detectors will be discussed. Operational concepts of this type of density tool are known in the art. It should be understood, however, that many of the previously discussed difficulties and limitations are applicable to other prior art nuclear logging systems such as neutron porosity. LWD formation density systems differ from their counterparts in wireline by the fact that the measurement is made while the tool is rotating with the drill string, thereby causing varying standoff between the tool body and the formation. Typically, an LWD density tool may encounter standoffs anywhere from zero to one inch or greater, depending on the borehole shape and tool configuration. Count data from the preferably two axially spaced detectors are usually sampled at a much faster rate than rotational time, which results in fairly constant standoff per sample. Short sample time periods are used to increase the accuracy of the measurement. However, due to the short sampling time and the statistical nature of the measurement, the detector counts in each sample do not have sufficient statistical precision to apply a statistically meaningful standoff correction such as a spine and rib correction. To improve statistical precision of the measurement and subsequent corrections, count data are summed over a radial segment of the borehole before a standoff correction is applied. Although this improves statistical precision, accuracy is sacrificed.
In attempt to retain both statistical precision and accuracy, prior art LWD density, neutron porosity, and other types of nuclear tools often use independent systems to measure the radial shape of the borehole. This is often referred to as a “caliper” of the borehole. Caliper measurements are then combined with detector count data and a spine and rib or other type of correction algorithm to obtain borehole compensated density or other parameter of interest. The caliper is, in itself, a complete and self contained LWD t
Gagliardi Albert
McCollum Patrick
Precision Drilling Technology Services Group Inc.
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