Plant husbandry – Process
Reexamination Certificate
1999-12-30
2001-04-17
Lankford, Jr., Leon B. (Department: 1651)
Plant husbandry
Process
C047S00101T, C047S009000, C047S056000, C405S258100, C428S017000, C428S085000, C428S092000, C428S095000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06216389
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a natural turf surface for athletic fields, and more particularly to a natural turf surface stabilized by synthetic fibers filled within a sand base.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Since Robey U.S. Pat. No. 4,023,506, it has been known that an artificial mat made of fibers can be used to enhance the stability of a natural turf surface, by providing enhanced holding power for the root system of the natural grass. Thereafter, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,044,179 and 4,337,283, issued to Haas, Jr., disclosed a surface comprising an artificial mat with upright fibers, with sand filled onto the mat to provide lateral support for the fibers. The primary purpose of the inventions disclosed in these patents was to provide a stable maintenance free surface for a variety of uses, such as a landing area for golf ball driving ranges, or even golf courses, but the primary objective did not include the growing of natural turf through the mat.
Thereafter, European patent applications EP 0 174 755 A1 and EP 0 403 008 A1 disclosed the combination of an artificial mat for stabilizing a natural turf which extends through the mat, wherein the mat includes a horizontal backing and upright fibers supported laterally by a fill layer, such as sand. More recently, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,489,317 and 5,586,408, issued to Bergevin, disclosed a structure very similar to the other structures, but with the specific feature of the sand fill layer terminating at the same vertical level as the tops of the artificial fibers. As indicated in the Bergevin patents and in the prosecution histories thereof, this relatively thick layer of sand is necessary to uniformly hold the mat down, and also to initiate natural plant growth at a vertical level which is very near to the top ends of the artificial fibers. However, such a substantial sand fill layer atop the artificial mat and surrounding the artificial fibers forms a tight, compacted uniform playing surface. As a result, the playing surface becomes slick and hard once the turf begins to wear. The Bergevin patents also disclose the feature of coating or covering the artificial mat with latex to hold the artificial fibers for 2-3 weeks until the turf is established and roots have grown through the mat.
Another shortcoming of turf systems utilizing an artificial mat such as those disclosed in the Bergevin patents is the interface between adjacent mat sections. When such systems are installed on site at the athletic field, the artificial mats may shift or become exposed in response to player movement which is very detrimental. Sod pieces which become dislodged and pushed around by player movement or divots in the case of a golf course turf are undesirable for athletic fields. Differential shifting or vertical movement of one artificial mat section relative to another also commonly results from rolling the turf, which is a common turf maintenance practice. If the roller does not span the juncture between adjacent mats then the rolled mat often shifts downwardly thereby creating a discontinuity or unevenness in the turf surface and a potential tripping hazard or other undesirable condition. One measure which has been attempted to counteract this differential shifting of the artificial mats is the placement of a heavy mat, such as a geo-textile grid or expanded polyethylene mat to underlay and straddle the juncture between the artificial mat sections. However, this adds to the complexity and cost of such turf systems and often does not cure the problem of differential shifting of the artificial mat sections.
These recent developments in combining artificial fibers with natural grass plants have resulted in only limited advances in the stability of natural turf surfaces, particularly but not exclusively for natural turf surfaces used for athletic fields which are constructed of soils high in sand content. The relatively slow market acceptance of these surfaces to date seems to indicate that there is room for improvement, primarily from an agronomic standpoint.
For one thing, it is a commonly understood turf management practice to provide periodic layers of “top dressing,” usually sand, on a natural turf athletic surface, such as a ball field or golf course putting green or tee. The periodically applied layers of top dressing provide stability and some degree of firmness to the ground, but more importantly create and then help maintain an environment conducive to healthy plant growth and rapid recovery from use.
Even though most well kept athletic surfaces for sport purposes are maintained in such a way that the grass clippings are collected, rather than simply allowed to disperse on the surface, with natural grass plants, particularly under the intense maintenance regimes common for professional and collegiate facilities, there is considerable production and decomposition of plant and root matter which can quickly build up on the surface. This decomposing plant matter will eventually form a thick organic layer which is undesirable for athletic playing surfaces. If not properly managed, this organic layer has a severely negative effect on drainage, movement of nutrients and pesticides into the root system and playability, including footing, surface speed, wear tolerance, ball roll and bounce, etc. The organic layer can result in a condition known in the industry as “black layer” whereby the organic matter becomes anaerobic due to poor drainage and a loss of capacity for gas exchange all of which severely limit root growth and overall plant health.
Several turf management strategies are nearly universally recommended and implemented to ameliorate these harmful conditions. One such strategy includes the periodic application of a sand top dressing. However, with respect to the surface disclosed in the Bergevin patents, the application of additional layers of top dressing would eventually result in completely burying the upright artificial fiber, so that they would not be able to perform their intended purpose of providing lateral stability for the turf surface. Also, the application of a top dressing would produce a loose sand layer above the fibers, and therefore not be desirable. For that reason, it is applicant's belief that the application of a layer of top dressing to a surface of that type would reduce the stability enhancing benefits of the fibers, while failure to apply a layer of top dressing would have the undesired effect of allowing the build up of a residue of decomposing plant matter. For these reasons, the written turf management guidelines of one patented product specifically emphasizes that applications of sand top dressing should not be practiced because it would negate the beneficial aspects of that product.
Another commonly recommended and practiced turf management strategy involves aerating a natural turf surface. As with providing a layer of top dressing, aerating is periodically performed to decrease the build-up of organic matter on the surface, decrease compaction, keep the surface well drained and to maintain a tight and vigorous natural turf canopy. Typically, aerating is done 4-6 times per year on high performance sports fields by inserting and removing hollow times which are a one half to three quarters inch in width into the turf. In order to penetrate an entire thatch layer and enter the root zone area of the natural turf it is necessary to aerate to a depth of three inches or greater.
Unfortunately, with the various prior art artificial mats described above, it is impossible to aerate down to the desired depth because doing so is prevented by the horizontal backing which holds the upright fibers. Again, the manufacturer of one such product recognizes this problem and cites in its management manual that aeration should not be implemented. Thus, while the mat may provide one agronomic advantage of increased stability for the natural turf surface, the backing of the mat hinders the performance of the most basic turf management practices, namely aerating, and sand top dressing.
The horizontal backing of the mat als
Heinlein Mark A.
Motz Joseph E.
Lankford , Jr. Leon B.
Technology Licensing Corp.
Wood Herron & Evans L.L.P.
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