Boots – shoes – and leggings
Patent
1982-06-18
1985-04-02
Smith, Jerry
Boots, shoes, and leggings
B06G 720
Patent
active
045091340
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to computer engineering and more particularly to analog computing devices, including a squarer intended for squaring electric signals of arbitrary shape.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Modern practice in computer engineering deals with the development of a squarer capable of squaring r.f. signals, which tend to vary in a wide dynamic range.
Known in the art is a squarer, which relies on the use of non-linear volt/ampere characteristics of some semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors. Such a squarer is easy to carry out, but it features poor accuracy and a small input signal dynamic range within which the conversion retains its square-law function (cf. the USSR Inventor's Certificate No. 366,476, Int.cl. G06G (7/20, published in bulletin "Discoveries, Inventions, Industrial Designs and Trademarks", No. 7, 1973).
There is a squarer or line-segment approximator which uses diode-resistor components in order to expand the input signal dynamic range. It is able to perform squaring with an accuracy of 1 to 2%, which depends on the instability of the employed semiconductor devices (cf. a book by L. I. Volgin entitled "Measuring AC/DC Converters", Sovetskoye Radio, Moscow, 1977, pp. 105-106, FIG. 3.2).
There is yet another squarer, which operates on the principle that the input signal is transformed into a change in the temperature of a resistive element and a thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of said resistive element. This squarer basically comprises a heater (resistive element) and a temperature sensor (thermocouple), which is held in thermal contact with the heater. The input signal passes through the heater and its temperature is thus raised. The thermocouple output signal is representative of the square of the input signal (cf. a book by V. S. Popov entitled "Elelectro-thermal Converters in Computing Engineering", Tekhnika, Kiev, 1971, pp. 40-41, FIG. 1,3).
The squarer just described fails to provide for squaring in a wide dynamic range of the input signal, since an increase in the input signal causes an increase in the temperature of the resistive element, following a square law, with the result that this element burns out. This determines the upper limit of the input signal variation. On the other hand, a decrease in the input signal causes a decrease in the temperature of the resistive element in accordance with a square law, and the low-level input signals cannot thus be squared.
To enable the squarer to operate adequately, it must be raised to a temperature exceeding the ambient temperature. This, however, impairs the accuracy of squaring on account of the Peltier and Thomson effects. Moreover, the fact that the material of the resistive element includes irregularities and the availability of the contacts of dissimilar materials in the input signal circuit result in an uneven heating of that element during the passage of the input signal through it and in the appearance of stray thermal electromotive forces. Under such circumstances, the squaring results are poor.
In this squarer, the output signal settling time depends on the conditions in which the resistive element and the thermocouple exchange heat with the environment. This means that the squaring time also depends on the above conditions.
To improve the squarer sensitivity and decrease inaccuracies relating to a higher working temperature of the resistive element, use may be made of a thermopile for measuring the temperature. With the sensitivity of the temperature sensor improved, a decrease in the working temperature of the resistive element with respect to the ambient temperature may be obtained (cf. the USSR Inventor's Certificate No. 475,514. Int. cl. G01K 7/02, published in bulletin "Discoveries, Inventions, Industrial Designs and Trademarks", No. 24, 1975).
However, a thermopile is disadvantageous in that there results an increase in the stray capacitance established between it and the resistive element. This in turn tends to introduce a higher squaring error for the i
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"Alternating-Current to Direct-Current Voltage Measuring Transducers" by L. I. Volgin, Measuring AC/DC Converters, Sovetskoye Radio, Moscow, 1977, pp. 105-106, FIG. 3.2.
"Electro-Thermal Converters in Computing Engineering", V. S. Popov, Tekhnika, Kiev, 1971, pp. 40-41, FIG. 1,3.
Cf. A Book by V. S. Popov, Heated Metal Resistors for Electric Measuring and Automatic Control Systems, Nauka, Moscow, 1964, pp. 67-68, FIG. 1.14.
Chernin Mikhail M.
Maltsev Jury S.
Shevchenko Viktor D.
Harkcom Gary V.
Smith Jerry
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