Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus – product – and – Having earth feature
Patent
1995-01-30
1997-01-28
Nuzzolillo, M.
Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus, product, and
Having earth feature
429191, 429213, 429218, 296231, 252 622, 252500, 252518, H01H 618
Patent
active
055976611
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a solid polymer electrolyte having high ionic conductivity using a polymer having an oxyalkyl side chain that contains urethane bonding; an electrode comprising such a polymer and a process for manufacturing the same; a battery comprising such a solid polymer electrolyte or such an electrode and a process for manufacturing the same; and an electric double layer capacitor using such a solid polymer electrolyte and a process for manufacturing the same.
BACKGROUND ART
In the field of ionics, there is a trend of down-sizing as well as making it to be of the solid-state type, and efforts are being made extensively with view to application, to solid-state primary or secondary batteries and electric double layer capacitors, of solid electrolytes as a new ionic conductor which replaces conventional electrolyte solutions. Conventional batteries with electrolyte solutions have problems in long-term reliability since there tends to occur leakage of the electrolyte solution out of the parts or elution of the electrode substance. On the contrary, products with solid electrolytes do not cause such problems and it is easy to make their thickness smaller. Furthermore, solid electrolytes are excellent in thermal resistance and advantageous in the manufacturing process of products such as battery.
Among batteries using a solid electrolyte, those using a polymer as a main component of the electrolyte have a merit of increased flexibility as compared with those using an inorganic substance, which endows the former with processability into various forms. However, such products as hitherto studied still suffer from a problem that only a small amount of current can be taken out since the solid polymer electrolyte has a low ionic conductivity.
As an example of such solid polymer electrolyte, it is described in British Polymer Journal (Br. Polym. J.), 7: 319-327 (1975) that a compounded material consisting of a polyethylene oxide and an inorganic alkali metal salt exhibits ionic conductivity, which is, however, as low as 10.sup.-7 S/cm at room temperature.
Recently, there have been many reports that a comb-shaped polymer having an oligooxyethylene in its each side chain has an improved ionic conductivity due to increased thermal motion of the oxyethylene chain which contributes ionic conductivity. An example in which polymethacrylic acid with oligooxyethylene being added to its side chain is compounded with an alkali metal salt is described in Journal of Physical Chemistry (J. Phys. Chem.), vol. 89, page 987 (1985). Another example in which polyphosphazene with an oligooxyethylene side chain is compounded with an alkali metal salt is described in Journal of American Chemical Society (J. Am. Chem. Soc.), vol. 106, page 6854 (1984).
Recently, many studies have been made on lithium secondary batteries in which metal oxides or metal sulfides such as LiCoO.sub.2, LiNiO.sub.2, LiMnO.sub.2, MOS.sub.2 and the like are used as positive electrode. For example, batteries using positive electrode made of MnO2 or NiO2 are reported in Journal of Electrochemical Society (J. Electrochem. Soc.), vol. 138 (No. 3), page 665 (1991). These batteries have drawn attention since they have high gravimetric or volumetric capacity.
Also, many reports have been made on batteries using electroconductive polymer as electroactive material. For example, lithium secondary battery using polyanilines as positive electrode has already been put on the market in the form of a coin type battery for use as a backup source by Bridgestone Co., Ltd. and Seiko Co., Ltd. as reported in, for example, "The 27th Symposium on Battery 3A05L and 3A06L" (1986). Polyaniline also attracts attention as an electroactive material for positive electrode having a high capacity and flexibility.
Lately, electric double layer capacitors which comprise polarizable electrodes made of a carbon material having a large specific area such as activated carbon, carbon black or the like and an ionic conducting solution arranged between the electrod
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Noguchi Jun
Takeuchi Masataka
Tokita Koji
Ueda Miyuki
Yashima Hideo
Nuzzolillo M.
Showa Denko K.K.
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