Solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell

Details Solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell Solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell

1999-01-19

2001-05-01

Huff, Mark F. (Department: 1756)

Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus, product, and

With pressure equalizing means for liquid immersion operation

C429S006000, C180S065310

Reexamination Certificate

active

06224994

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell.
2. Discussion of the Background
A solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell is considered to be a hopeful, small-sized lightweight power source for vehicles and other devices, in which hydrogen and oxygen are used as the fuel. The cell comprises an ion-exchangeable, solid polyelectrolyte membrane, and positive and negative electrodes disposed to be in contact with both sides of the membrane. The hydrogen fuel is electrochemically oxidized at the negative electrode to give protons and electrons. The protons pass through the polyelectrolyte membrane toward the positive electrode to which oxygen is fed. Electrons having been formed at the negative electrode, travel to the positive electrode, where the protons and the electrons react with oxygen to form water.
The solid electrolyte-type fuel cell can operate at low temperatures and is small-sized, while producing a high output density. Therefore, many studies have been made on these types of cells for use as the power source for vehicles. In the cell, sulfonic acid group-containing perfluorocarbon polymer membranes (e.g., NAFION, trade name of DUPONT Co.; ACIPLEX, trade name of ASAHI CHEMICAL Co.) or the like have been generally used as the polyelectrolyte membrane. However, the conventional fuel cell is not still satisfactory as its output is too low.
In order to increase the output of the cell, the hydrogen ion conductivity of the solid polyelectrolyte membrane therein must be increased to lower the internal resistance of the cell. For this, the concentration of the ion-exchanging groups (for example, sulfonic acid group) in the solid polyelectrolyte membrane may be increased and the thickness of the membrane may be reduced. However, too great an increase in the ion-exchanging group concentration in the membrane results in an increase in the water content of the membrane to an undesirable degree, and is therefore problematic in that the positive electrode at which water is formed through the cell reaction becomes too wet, lowering the cell output.
On the other hand, a reduction in the thickness of the membrane is also problematic in that the mechanical strength of the membrane is reduced and the amount of the fuel (hydrogen gas and oxygen gas) passing through the membrane is increased, lowering the cell-out efficiency.
In order to solve these problems, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) Hei-6-231780 proposed a casting method comprising infiltrating a sulfone-type perfluorocarbon polymer into woven fabric of polytetrafluoroethylene followed by drying and filming it around the fabric; and a method comprising hot-melting a sulfone-type perfluorocarbon polymer on woven fabric of polytetrafluoroethylene under pressure. In these methods, the object was to reinforce the polymer film.
However, in the casting method, adhesion between the woven fabric and the sulfone-type perfluorocarbon polymer is weak; and in the pressure hot-melting method, the fabric and the sulfone-type perfluorocarbon polymer are only partially fused and adhered together, but are not completely integrated. In JP-A Hei-6-23 1780, fibrils of polytetrafluoroethylene are mixed with a sulfone-type perfluorocarbon polymer and extruded into sheets, in place of using woven fabric of polytetrafluoroethylene. In this method, however, the melting point of polytetrafluoroethylene is so high that the sulfone-type perfluorocarbon polymer mixed with its fibrils could not be completely fused and integrated.
When the membranes as produced according to the proposed methods are used in fuel cells, the sulfone-type perfluorocarbon polymer is separated from the fibrils or woven fabric of polytetrafluoroethylene while the cells are driven, resulting in the membranes not maintaining their initial mechanical strength. In addition, where the woven fabric is used as the reinforcing material, its thickness is often uneven, and the reduction in its thickness is limited.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has solved the problems noted above, and produces a solid polyelectrolyte membrane by introducing a sulfonic acid group into a hydrocarbon polymer grafted with a fluorine polymer, in which the fluorine polymer is reinforced with whisker fibers, which have been surface-treated with a silane coupling agent. In the membrane of the invention, the reinforcing whisker fibers are firmly adhered and fixed to the membrane. Therefore, when the membrane is in a fuel cell, the whisker fibers in the membrane do not peel off and the mechanical strength of the membrane is not reduced while the fuel cell is driven. In addition, since the fluorine polymer is a thermoplastic polymer, the membrane of the polymer may have any desired thickness. The invention thus provides a solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell, in which the solid polyelectrolyte membrane have various advantages.
For solving the technical problems noted above, the invention provides a solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell comprising a solid polyelectrolyte membrane, which is characterized in that the solid polyelectrolyte membrane in the cell is produced by graft-copolymerizing a fluorine polymer with a hydrocarbon polymer, followed by introducing a sulfonic acid group into the resulting copolymer, and the fluorine polymer is reinforced with fibers surface-treated with a silane coupling agent.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment of the solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell of the invention, the silane coupling agent is represented by:
X—Si—OR
wherein:
X:
—CH═CH
2
(vinyl group)

(epoxy group)

(methacryl group), or

—NH
2
(amino group),
OR:
—OCH
3
(methoxy group), or
—OC
2
H
5
(ethoxy group).
The silane coupling agent used in this embodiment reacts with both the fibers and the fluorine polymer, whereby the fibers are firmly adhered to the polymer and exhibit a strong reinforcing effect. Therefore, the mechanical strength of the solid polyelectrolyte membrane is high.
In another embodiment of the solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell of the invention, the silane coupling agent reacts with the fluorine polymer and the fibers, and is added in an amount of from 1 to 5 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the fluorine polymer.
If the amount of the silane coupling agent added is smaller than 1 part by weight, the adhesiveness of the fibers to the polymer is poor. However, if the amount is larger than 5 parts by weight, the electric resistance of the solid polyelectrolyte membrane is too high and the power output of the cell is reduced.
In still another embodiment of the solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell of the invention, the fibers are whisker fibers having a fiber diameter of from 0.1 to 10 &mgr;m and an aspect ratio (fiber length/fiber diameter) of from 10 to 1000.
If the fiber diameter is smaller than 0.1 &mgr;m, the fibers become too entangled and are difficult to disperse. However, if the fiber diameter is larger than 10 &mgr;m, the fibers will protrude out of the surface of the membrane and the membrane may not have an even surface. If the aspect ratio is smaller than 10, the reinforcing effect of the fibers is poor. However, if the aspect ratio is larger than 1000, the fiber length is too long, and such long fibers will protrude out of the surface of the membrane and the membrane may not have an even surface.
In still another embodiment of the solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell of the invention, the amount of the fibers added is from 10 to 30 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the fluorine polymer.
If the amount of the fibers added is smaller than 10 parts by weight, the fibers in the membrane may not be entangled to a satisfactory degree, and may not exhibit a satisfactory reinforcing effect. If, however, the amount of the fibers added is larger than 30 parts by weight, the reinforced polymer may be difficult to sheet into films through extrusion. If so, in addition, the electric resistance of the solid polyelectrolyte membrane will be too high

Affiliated with

Also associated with

Rating

Solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.

If you have personal experience with Solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Solid polyelectrolyte-type fuel cell will most certainly appreciate the feedback.

Rate now

Comments { 0 }

Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-2506814