Fuel and related compositions – Liquid fuels – Aluminum or heavy metal – other than lead – containing
Patent
1984-08-21
1986-06-24
Metz, Andrew H.
Fuel and related compositions
Liquid fuels
Aluminum or heavy metal, other than lead, containing
44 10R, 44 24, 201 21, 201 23, C10L 500, C10L 514
Patent
active
045965846
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a solid fuel and in particular to an alternative solid fuel which can be manufactured solely or predominantly from waste products.
Local authorities in the United Kingdom alone deal with over 20 million tonnes per annum of refuse, and approximately 80% of this refuse goes to `landfill`. It is estimated that approximately 35% of domestic (and probably a higher proportion of commercial) refuse consists of paper and cardboard waste. One object of this invention is the recycling of waste paper/carton on a large scale, so reducing the amount of refuse going to landfill, i.e. reducing the volume of landfill sites, which present an environmental problem to the authorities for many years after (methane gas/explosion risk and a health hazard for children), and leading to the preservation of fossil fuels.
BACKGROUND ART
There are already known various solid fuels which are referred to as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) or Waste Derived Fuel (WDF). Fuels of this type are disclosed in U.K. Patent documents GB 1551020, GB 1597443, GB-A-2046299, GB-A-2076013. However, the fuels described in the above specifications suffer from one or more of the following disadvantages:
For example, the known processes for RDF/WDF fuels entail the deployment of costly and complex plant, i.e. `ballistic separation plant`, `air classifiers` to separate the light fractions from the non-combustibles (metal, glass) from the general crude refuse. Above all RDF/WDF fuels require substantial dryers with a high energy consumption, because of the inherent high moisture content of general refuse, i.e. often more than 40%, and increasing sharply during spring and summer, as householders for instance dispose of grass cuttings from lawns.
RDF/WDF fuels as described in the above-mentioned documents have a medium calorific value (between approx. 4300 to 7000 BTU/lb (10 000 to 16 300 KJ/kg)). The RDF/WDF fuels also have a high pollution factor due to the presence of plastics and toxic substances contained in general refuse. The RDF/WDF fuels are unsuitable for bulk storage--they readily absorb environmental moisture, and can then be subject to `bio-degration`, i.e. `compost heap-effect` and possible explosion risk if stored in bulk. Such RDF/WDF fuels have only a limited value to the industrial user because of their relatively low calorific value compared to coal, and they are not suitable for burning on open fires in a domestic situation.
Furthermore, RDF/WDF fuels as described in the above-mentioned documents present a possible health risk to operating/maintenance staff, i.e. unpleasant odours, toxic fumes, which can result in skin irritations and more serious side effects to health. The RDF/WDF fuels contribute to boiler corrosion because of the acid elements contained in refuse/waste derived fuels. The adoption of RDF/WDF fuel production as described in the above-mentioned documents is unlikely to be suitable for small local authorities or small companies, because of the high capital investment and high running costs to maintain such an operation. The energy consumption for dryers, separation plant, air classifiers in such an operation for the RDF/WDF is considerable.
Where composting is used, this is relatively costly in terms of energy used and supplies fuel with a relatively low calorific value, e.g. 500 btu maximum. Also where composted fuel is not compact, it is suitable for industrial application only, where the low calorific value is a disadvantage.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention seeks to overcome or reduce one or more of the above disadvantages.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solid fuel comprising pellets of a compressed mixture substantially comprising one or more paper products and one or more oil products, the oil product or one of the oil products being petroleum coke.
In a preferred fuel the oil products constitute 5% to 95% by weight of the mixture preferably 7% to 55%, and the paper products preferably constitute at least 40%
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McFarlane Anthony
Metz Andrew H.
Woronoff David S.
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