Turning – Process of turning
Reexamination Certificate
2001-05-14
2004-03-30
Tsai, Henry W. H. (Department: 2183)
Turning
Process of turning
C082S053000, C082S059000, C407S035000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06711976
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a skiving head and process for skiving cylinders, cylinder tubes and the like, using a skiving head. The skiving head has a number of skiving blades arranged radially and floating in the skiving head.
2. The Prior Art
Such processes and skiving heads are known, for example, from German Patent Nos. DE 22 23 969 and DE 27 23 622. They serve in the machining, and in particular the fine machining, of cylindrical hole walls such as are found in hydraulic cylinders and cylinder tubes. Such hole walls are fine-machined most economically by skiving and roller burnishing. Initial materials are generally drawn precision steel tubes or soft steel tubes with prepared by boring out, with a small machining allowance of approx. 0.3 to 1 mm in diameter. These tubes feature straightness errors incurred by manufacturing, which are not detrimental to the purpose of the tubes and which therefore do not need to be corrected by the skiving process.
However, the surface of the hole wall must be peeled and roller burnished over the full surface even with cambered cylinders. Under the given conditions, the skiving blade must follow the macroform of the tube at almost constant chip depth. To achieve this, skiving blades arranged in floating fashion have proved their worth, such as described in DE 27 23 622 or DE 25 18 170 already referred to. The skiving head in this situation is capable of free radial movement in two planes in relation to the tool, and the skiving blade(s) is/are in addition capable of radial movement.
The known arrangement of the skiving blades guarantees the self-centering of the blades due to the passive cutting forces of both cutting edges even when the skiving head is not rotating centrically due to the effect of outside forces. A disadvantage with this arrangement, however, is that the skiving blades, equipped with two mutually-opposed cutting edges, do not necessarily create a circular hole. Rather, such skiving blades can carry out a radially floating movement during the rotation of the skiving head, and in this situation create a hole cross-section which deviates from the circular. This movement can be incurred due to an error in roundness already present in the tube, or a slight disturbance in the balance of force, possibly due to fluctuating passive cutting force with regular intentional chip breakage, and may build up and propagate over the entire machining length.
The hole, measured between two mutually-opposed points, may indeed feature a constant diameter, but the interior enveloping circle may be smaller and the outer enveloping circle larger than the skiving diameter measured in the two-point process. In this situation “polygons” may be formed, with 3, 5, 7 or more “corners”. These errors in roundness may lead to problems with the assembly of pistons and seals. The error in roundness frequently runs over the length of the tube with an angle offset from one tool revolution to the next, resulting in a helical contour of the cylinder, which as a rule is regarded as a quality deficiency.
Tools without floating blades are also known. These include the reamers such as described in German Patent Nos. DE 19 62 181 B, DE 16 52 790 A, DE 73 21 746 U, and in U.S. Pat. No. 2,638,020. The reamer blades are all only capable of adjustment jointly, by the same dimension in relation to the basic structure of the tool, and are therefore not installed in a radially floating manner. Reamers are conceptually designed to produce holes with the smallest possible errors in straightness. Continuation of machining is therefore effected in continuation of the previous direction of the hole bore. If the previous bore was cambered, it is expected of the reamers that they will eliminate this cambering as much as possible.
Cylinder tubes are manufactured from drawn precision steel tubes with a length of up to 10 meters. Due to the chipless manufacturing process employed hitherto, these tubes feature errors in straightness of up to 2 mm/m. At the same time, however, to save material and money, work is carried out with machining allowances of less than 1 mm in the diameter. This means that insufficient machining allowance is provided to make a straight hole out of the cambered hole. To achieve this with the camber indicated heretofore, a machining allowance of at least 4 mm in the diameter would be required. Tools which, like the reamers described earlier, are designed for the manufacture of the straightest possible holes, would remove a great deal of material to chips, and in return would leave other places unmachined. Accordingly, the requirement is imposed on a skiving head for the skiving of cylinders, cylinder tubes, and the like, for the skiving tool to follow the macroform of the hole during machining, and accordingly repeats the existing errors in straightness. The reamers do not meet this requirement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a skiving head and process for skiving which will allow for errors in roundness to be eliminated as far as possible, and to prevent the occurrence of helical waves.
This object is accomplished by a skiving head with skiving blades arranged radially floating in the skiving head, in which at least three skiving blades are provided for. With such an arrangement, both the requirement for self-centering of the skiving blade set as well as circular skiving geometry with constant cutting depth will be fulfilled.
In addition to this, the invention has the great advantage that due to the three skiving blades, the skiving capacity can be increased in relation to known skiving heads with only two skiving blades.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in which the skiving head features a central axis, adjacent skiving blades seen in the direction of the central axis of the skiving head are arranged at similar angular distances to one another. This guarantees the greatest possible centering probability in every rotation position of the skiving head. The angular distance would accordingly be 120 degrees with three skiving blades, 90 degrees with four skiving blades, 72 degrees with five skiving blades, and 60 degrees with six skiving blades. These angles may vary slightly from sector to sector if appropriate in order to avoid shatter marks.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, in which the skiving head has a central axis and each skiving blade featured at least one cutting edge, there are at least three cutting edges of different skiving blades arranged rotationally symmetrically to the central axis of the skiving head. For each one cutting edge of a skiving blade, corresponding cutting edges of up to at least two other skiving blades are provided for, so that corresponding points of corresponding cutting edges define a plane which runs perpendicular to the central axis of the skiving head. Because the central axis of the skiving head is the main axis of rotation during the operation of the head, this arrangement likewise has a positive effect on the centering of the skiving head in the hole which is to be peeled out.
The skiving capacity can be further increased by each skiving blade featuring at least two cutting edges.
In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, all skiving blades are supported directly or indirectly by a common conical or pyramidal body arranged in a displaceable manner in the skiving head, and can be displaced via this body radially to the skiving head. In this situation, depending on the design of the skiving head, the body may also take the form of a cone or truncated cone as well as of a pyramid or truncated pyramid. The term pyramid is not restricted here in the conventional sense to such regular polyhedra as have a square base and four congruent isosceles triangles as side surfaces, but is to be understood in the meaning of the geometric definition, and in particular may have a base with as many sides as skiving blades are provided.
Both a conical and pyramidal body allow, by simple displacem
Collard & Roe P.C.
Ecoroll AG Werkzeugtechnik
Tsai Henry W. H.
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