Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving nucleic acid
Reexamination Certificate
2000-09-07
2004-04-27
Souaya, Jehanne (Department: 1634)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving nucleic acid
C435S091100, C435S091200
Reexamination Certificate
active
06727063
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The genomes of all organisms undergo spontaneous mutation in the course of their continuing evolution, generating variant forms of progenitor nucleic acid sequences (Gusella,
Ann. Rev. Biochem
. 55, 831-854 (1986)). The variant form may confer an evolutionary advantage or disadvantage relative to a progenitor form, or may be neutral. In some instances, a variant form confers a lethal disadvantage and is not transmitted to subsequent generations of the organism. In other instances, a variant form confers an evolutionary advantage to the species and is eventually incorporated into the DNA of many or most members of the species and effectively becomes the progenitor form. In many instances, both progenitor and variant form(s) survive and co-exist in a species population. The coexistence of multiple forms of a sequence gives rise to polymorphisms.
Several different types of polymorphism have been reported. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a variation in DNA sequence that alters the length of a restriction fragment (Botstein et al.,
Am. J. Hum. Genet
. 32, 314-331 (1980)). The restriction fragment length polymorphism may create or delete a restriction site, thus changing the length of the restriction fragment. RFLPs have been widely used in human and animal genetic analyses (see WO 90/13668; WO90/11369; Donis-Keller,
Cell
51, 319-337 (1987); Lander et al.,
Genetics
121, 85-99 (1989)). When a heritable trait can be linked to a particular RFLP, the presence of the RFLP in an individual can be used to predict the likelihood that the animal will also exhibit the trait.
Other polymorphisms take the form of short tandem repeats (STRs) that include tandem di-, tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeated motifs. These tandem repeats are also referred to as variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms. VNTRs have been used in identity and paternity analysis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,217; Armour et al.,
FEBS Lett
. 307, 113-115 (1992); Horn et al., WO 91/14003; Jeffreys, EP 370,719), and in a large number of genetic mapping studies.
Other polymorphisms take the form of single nucleotide variations between individuals of the same species. Such polymorphisms are far more frequent than RFLPs, STRs and VNTRs. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) occur in protein-coding nucleic acid sequences (coding sequence SNP (cSNP)), in which case, one of the polymorphic forms may give rise to the expression of a defective or otherwise variant protein and, potentially, a genetic disease. Examples of genes in which polymorphisms within coding sequences give rise to genetic disease include &bgr;-globin (sickle cell anemia), apoE4 (Alzheimer's Disease), Factor V Leiden (thrombosis), and CFTR (cystic fibrosis). cSNPs can alter the codon sequence of the gene and therefore specify an alternative amino acid. Such changes are called “missense” when another amino acid is substituted, and “nonsense” when the alternative codon specifies a stop signal in protein translation. When the cSNP does not alter the amino acid specified the cSNP is called “silent”.
Other single nucleotide polymorphisms occur in noncoding regions. Some of these polymorphisms may also result in defective protein expression (e.g., as a result of defective splicing). Other single nucleotide polymorphisms have no phenotypic effects.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms can be used in the same manner as RFLPs and VNTRs, but offer several advantages. Single nucleotide polymorphisms occur with greater frequency and are spaced more uniformly throughout the genome than other forms of polymorphism. The greater frequency and uniformity of single nucleotide polymorphisms means that there is a greater probability that such a polymorphism will be found in close proximity to a genetic locus of interest than would be the case for other polymorphisms. The different forms of characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms are often easier to distinguish than other types of polymorphism (e.g., by use of assays employing allele-specific hybridization probes or primers).
Only a small percentage of the total repository of polymorphisms in humans and other organisms has been identified. The limited number of polymorphisms identified to date is due to the large amount of work required for their detection by conventional methods. For example, a conventional approach to identifying polymorphisms might be to sequence the same stretch of DNA in a population of individuals by dideoxy sequencing. In this type of approach, the amount of work increases in proportion to both the length of sequence and the number of individuals in a population and becomes impractical for large stretches of DNA or large numbers of persons.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Work described herein pertains to the identification of polymorphisms which can predispose individuals to disease, by resequencing large numbers of genes in a large number of individuals. Various genes from a number of individuals have been resequenced as described herein, and SNPs in these genes have been discovered (see the Table and FIG.
3
). Some of these SNPs are cSNPs which specify a different amino acid sequence, some of the SNPs are silent cSNPs and some of these cSNPs specify a stop signal in protein translation. Some of the identified SNPs were located in non-coding regions.
The invention relates to a gene which comprises a single nucleotide polymorphism at a specific location. In a particular embodiment the invention relates to the variant allele of a gene having a single nucleotide polymorphism, which variant allele differs from a reference allele by one nucleotide at the site(s) identified in the Table and FIG.
3
. Complements of these nucleic acid sequences are also included. The nucleic acid molecules can be DNA or RNA, and can be double- or single-stranded. Nucleic acid molecules can be, for example, 5-10, 5-15, 10-20, 5-25, 10-30, 10-50 or 10-100 bases long.
The invention further provides allele-specific oligonucleotides that hybridize to the reference or variant allele of a gene comprising a single nucleotide polymorphism or to the complement thereof. These oligonucleotides can be probes or primers.
The invention further provides a method of analyzing a nucleic acid from an individual. The method determines which base is present at any one of the polymorphic sites shown in the Table and/or FIG.
3
. Optionally, a set of bases occupying a set of the polymorphic sites shown in the Table and/or
FIG. 3
is determined. This type of analysis can be performed on a number of individuals, who are tested for the presence of a disease phenotype. The presence or absence of disease phenotype is then correlated with a base or set of bases present at the polymorphic site or sites in the individuals tested.
Thus, the invention further relates to a method of predicting the presence, absence, likelihood of the presence or absence, or severity of a particular phenotype or disorder associated with a particular genotype. The method comprises obtaining a nucleic acid sample from an individual and determining the identity of one or more bases (nucleotides) at polymorphic sites of genes described herein, wherein the presence of a particular base is correlated with a specified phenotype or disorder, thereby predicting the presence, absence, likelihood of the presence or absence, or severity of the phenotype or disorder in the individual.
The thrombospondins are a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins that modulate many cell behaviors including adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Thrombospondins (also known as thrombin sensitive proteins or TSPs) are large molecular weight glycoproteins composed of three identical disulfide-linked polypeptide chains. The results described herein also reveal an important association between alterations, particularly SNPs, in TSP genes, particularly TSP-1 and TSP-4, and vascular disease. In particular, SNPs in these genes which are associated with premature coronary artery disease (CAD)(or coronary heart disease) and myocardial infarction (MI)
Bolk Stacey
Cargill Michele
Daley George Q.
Ireland James S.
Lander Eric S.
Hamilton Brook Smith & Reynolds P.C.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Souaya Jehanne
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