Sensors for sugars and other metal binding analytes

Details Sensors for sugars and other metal binding analytes Sensors for sugars and other metal binding analytes

1997-07-07

2000-05-16

Soderquist, Arlen

Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing

Heterocyclic carbon compound

Hetero-o

422 8201, 422 8202, 422 8203, 422 8205, 422 8206, 422 8207, 422 8208, 422 8209, 436 93, 436 95, 436127, 436128, 436131, 436149, 436150, 436151, 436164, 436166, 436169, 436172, G01N 2100, G01N 3300

Patent

active

060636378

DESCRIPTION:

BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to devices and methods used to test for and monitor the concentrations in solutions of sugars, amino acids and other compounds capable of complexing metal ions. More particularly, the present invention is directed to sensors which rely on metal coordination/chelation interactions between nucleophilic groups on targeted compounds and the release of protons, hydroxide ions or detectable ligands from metal ion complexes to provide detection and/or measurement of analyte compounds in aqueous, mixed aqueous-organic or organic solutions.
2. Description of Related Art
Many different devices and methods are presently being used to measure the concentration of various sugars and amino acids in a wide variety of solutions. Many industrial manufacturing and food processing systems require that the level of one or more sugars and/or amino acids be carefully monitored at various stages to insure desired quality of final products. For example, the varying glucose concentrations during fermentation processes are important process control parameters, and their continuous monitoring can improve the yield and quality of the fermentation product. In addition, there are a large number of situations where the amount of sugar in finished food stuffs and other sugar containing products must be determined. On line, continuous measurement is important to reduce the risk of contamination, labor costs and delays associated with off-line measurements. To be able to perform on-line measurements, there is a need for sterilizable sensors with rapid response times and high sensitivity, yet which also require minimum maintenance and calibration.
One of the most important uses for sugar analysis techniques is in the medical field where monitoring of sugar levels in biological fluids is critical to proper diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and other diseases. With respect to medical applications, glucose is by far the most important sugar, and diabetes is the most common disease for which glucose determinations are routinely conducted. Diabetes is a disease of the metabolic system that affects more than 14 million people in the United States and over 100 million people worldwide. It is characterized by an elevated blood-glucose concentration which is caused by a lack of the hormone insulin. Sugars are the primary source of metabolic energy, and the inability to self-regulate the levels of sugar metabolized by the body leads to many other medical problems, including but not limited to blindness, heart disease and kidney failure.
Treatment of diabetes involves monitoring of the patient's blood-glucose levels, with insulin injections being given when the glucose concentration rises above normal levels. A simple and accurate method for measuring blood-glucose concentrations is an essential cornerstone of any diabetes treatment protocol, since excessively high blood-glucose levels in diabetes patients can result in coma and even death. Frequent testing and insulin administration can significantly reduce long-term complications of diabetes. The vast majority of sensors which are used currently for glucose monitoring are based on enzymes such as glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase. These enzyme-based sensors are simple to use and have relatively high sensing selectivity. They are widely used for one-time measurement of blood-glucose concentrations ex vivo. However, among the many drawbacks of enzyme-based sensors are that they are costly and have a short life time. The inherently unstable enzyme must be protected from extreme conditions during manufacturing and storage in order to preserve its catalytic activity. In addition, there have been a number of problems associated with the use of enzymes in implantable sensors used in systems for continuously monitoring blood-glucose levels in vivo, among them the fact that enzymes can elicit an immune response and are not stable to most sterilization methods.
The one-time or `spot` measurement of blood-glucose c

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