Image analysis – Image enhancement or restoration – Image filter
Reexamination Certificate
1998-01-30
2001-04-24
Lee, Thomas D. (Department: 2724)
Image analysis
Image enhancement or restoration
Image filter
C382S261000, C358S451000, C358S451000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06222945
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to inverse dithering, and more particularly, to a method for selectively filtering a dithered image for the purpose of inverse dithering the dithered image.
2. Description of Related Art
Dithering has long been a method to maintain the perceptual quality of continuous tone images in low bit depth video displays. The illusion of true continuous tone images can be produced on display devices incapable of providing a required number of amplitude levels necessary for achieving a full, continuous tone image by dithering. By dithering the images they may be displayed on systems having low bit-depth frame buffers while maintaining a reasonable image quality. The technique is also referred to as half-toning when the result produces a binary (black and white) image. Dithering enables a respectable display at a lower amplitude resolution by distributing quantization noise over small areas.
One process for improving the quality of a dithered image is referred to as inverse dithering. Inverse dithering strives to restore the original continuous tone nature of a predithered image. In inverse dithering, low-pass filters are used to reverse the effects of dithering such as graininess of the picture. However, use of low-pass filtering tends to blur the object edges of the image. Therefore, the inverse dithering process must ultimately achieve two conflicting goals. First, the effects of the original dithering must be smoothed, and at the same time the object edges or the high-frequency content of the original image must be maintained without undesirable blurring.
Inverse dithering may be discussed in a larger context of an image-rendering system. As illustrated in
FIG. 1
, a simplified image-rendering system consists of a dithering system
10
that receives as input, pixel values of an image I(x,y). The originally received image may be a monochromatic or a color image. The original image I(x,y) will have an amplitude resolution of q″ bits per pixel and the pixel values will be within the range of
I(x,y)∈{0,1,2 , . . . , 2
q′
−1}. (1)
The image I(x,y) is reduced in amplitude resolution to m bits per pixel by the dithering process. The dithered image I
d
(x,y) will consist of pixels having values within the range of
I
d
(x,y)∈{0,1,2, . . . , 2
m
−1}. (2)
The dithered image I
d
(x,y) is processed by an image buffer
15
which in many computer display systems would typically comprise a frame buffer. However, the image buffer
15
may comprise any number of other apparatus for holding or transporting an image such as a communication channel. The image buffer
15
actually drives the necessity for amplitude reduction of the original image I(x,y) due to the limited amount of memory in the buffer for storage or the narrow bandwidth of a communication channel.
The inverse dithering system
20
receives the dithered image I
d
(x,y) and produces a reconstructed image I
r
(x,Y) having a higher amplitude resolution of q″-bits per pixel. The amplitude resolution of the original and reconstructed images may be the same, but this is not required. The reconstructed image will have pixel values within the range
I
r
(x,y)∈{0,1,2, . . . , 2
q″
−1}. (3)
A variety of methods have been developed for performing inverse dithering. The majority of these methods have been focused on the specialized case of inverse half-toning or, in other words, recovery of full gray scale from binary images. In one technique, a gray scale image is constructed from a binary image by means of a statistically generated lookup table. This method utilizes statistics generated during the original dithering process to perform the statistical analysis necessary to generate the lookup table. The statistical analysis requires complex calculations, and the storage of the lookup table greatly increases the memory requirements.
Another method utilizes cascading of adaptive run-length algorithms with statistical smoothing and impulse removal. A class of iterative, nonlinear algorithms have been proposed that are based on the theory of Projection Onto Convey Sets (POCS). This technique involves performing multiple iterations of an inverse dithering process until a final inverse dithered image is determined. This requires a great deal of processing due to the multiple iterations. Other methods have used information generated by a wavelet decomposition to perform the inverse dithering process.
There are also methods for reconstructing a dithered color image referred to as “color recovery”. The color recovery technique requires a renormalization process that increases the overhead requirements for processing the inverse dithering algorithm.
Some of the aforementioned techniques require prior knowledge of the dither mask used to dither the original image. Also, most of these methods involve highly complex calculations and require a great deal of memory in order to perform the inverse dithering processes. These requirements limit the ease and speed in which an inverse dithering process may be performed. Thus, there has arisen a need for a method of inverse dithering that is substantially less computationally complex and requires less memory resources than those of methods presently utilized.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for inverse dithering an image which has been dithered according to any of a plurality of known dithering methods.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide an inverse dithered image using a plurality of ordered filters such that the filters process the dithered image according to a predetermined order.
It is yet another object of the present invention that one of the plurality of ordered filters may be selected such that the region of support of the selected filter does not include an image edge which is associated with a selected portion of a dithered image to be processed.
It is still further an object of the present invention to provide further advantages and features, which will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure, including the preferred embodiment, which has been described below.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The following invention overcomes the foregoing and other problems with a system and method for selecting a filter from among a plurality of ordered filters within an inverse dithering system. The system includes a plurality of digital filters organized in a preselected order. The digital filters are either horizontally symmetric digital filters or a member of a horizontally asymmetric digital filter pair. The filters are ordered according to a predetermined set of rules such that filters having a highest filter index never comprise a subset of a lower indexed filter. The filters are also ordered such that asymmetric digital filter pairs always include adjacent filter indices. Finally, digital filters covering the same region of support have adjacent indices and are ordered an increasing cutoff frequency order.
A processor or other data processing unit is configured using hardware, software, firmware, etc. to process a number of parameters associated with the plurality of digital filters and data describing a selected portion of a dithered image. The filter parameters are used to determine regions of support for each of the plurality of ordered filters. The regions of support comprise areas that each of the ordered filters may process during a filtering operation.
A selection routine is implemented to sequentially cycle through the plurality of ordered filters such that a filter is initially selected from the plurality of ordered filters in accordance with the preselected order. The preselected order involves selection of a filter having a lowest index value among the plurality of filters. An edge detection process is performed to determine whether the selected filter includes an imag
Cheung Shiufun
Iyengar Giridharan
MacNamara Robert
Ulichney Robert A.
Compaq Computer Corporation
Lee Thomas D.
Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnell LLP
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