Fluid reaction surfaces (i.e. – impellers) – With means moving working fluid deflecting working member...
Reexamination Certificate
2001-07-20
2002-11-19
Look, Edward K. (Department: 3745)
Fluid reaction surfaces (i.e., impellers)
With means moving working fluid deflecting working member...
Reexamination Certificate
active
06481964
ABSTRACT:
This application claims the priority of German Patent Application 200 12 586.9, filed in Germany, Jul. 20, 2000, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
The invention relates to a rotor blade for a helicopter having a blade root for a fastening in the area of the rotor mast and having a radially exterior blade tip, an aerodynamic control flap, which is integrated essentially in the contour of the blade profile, being swivellably disposed in the rotor blade between the blade root and the blade tip.
In comparison to conventional airplanes, helicopters have many advantages. The vertical starting and landing permits a maneuvering in locally limited areas. As a result of the ability to fly at a low speed, the helicopter can be used for monitoring tasks. The possibility of hovering predestines the helicopter as an operating device for rescue missions.
The vertical lift and propulsion is caused by the rotation of the rotor blades about the rotor mast in that the rotor blades generate a lift which is directed according to the position with respect to the rotor mast. The position of the rotor blades and thus the lift and the propulsion of the helicopter are normally ensured by the rotating of the rotor blades along an axis in the span direction by means of a wobble plate and a linkage of bars situated between the latter and the rotor blade. As an alternative, it is possible to influence the position of the rotor blades by way of control flaps. A swivelling of the control flap results in a change of the approach flow behavior of the air.
In this case, servo flaps can be used as control flaps on the trailing edge of the profile in order to reduce the typical knocking noise of the rotor blades. This is caused by the interaction between the rotor blades and air vortices which are shed by the preceding rotor blade. Servo flaps are used in this area in order to reduce the aerodynamics of the interaction in that the vortices are diminished by a slight setting and attraction and are repulsed further toward the outside.
As a result of a lifting and lowering of a camber flap mounted as a control flap on the leading edge of the profile, the high suction peaks are reduced on the leading edge of the profile when the rotor blade is in a reverse motion, whereby the flow shedding is delayed in this phase and the hysteresis loops are reduced in the course of the aerodynamic coefficients. In addition, a discrete camber flap on the leading edge of the profile permits that the energy required in the case of a continuous contour variation for the elastic deformation be used for overcoming the aerodynamic forces and moments or that a greater authority of movement be provided.
From T. Lorkowski, P. Jänker, F. Hermle, S. Storm, M. Christmann, “Concept Development of a Piezoactuator-Driven Leading Edge Flap for the Dynamic-Stall Deceleration” Annual Conference of the DGLR, Sep. 27-30, 1999, a camber flap on the leading edge of the profile is known, which is swivellably linked to the rotor blade by means of a precision roller bearing and is swivelled by means of a lever linking point situated above the swivelling axis.
In the case of an arrangement having a precision roller bearing on an axis, it is a disadvantage that a mounting of the camber flap in the existing small space of the rotor blade becomes extremely difficult. In addition, in the case of a camber flap disposed in this manner, as a result of the centrifugal forces of up to 1,000 g occurring during the operation, a tilting of the roller bearing designed with a certain bearing play and of the flap on the axis may occur and a limited operation may therefore take place. During the operation at high centrifugal forces, the possibility of a tilting is increased because of the fact that the actuator system for adjusting the camber flaps applies its energy by way of a linkage of bars outside the bearing point and additional forces must therefore be taken into account. The results are a limited operation, considerable wear of the components and an increased input of energy for moving the servo flap.
It is now an object of the invention to provide a rotor blade with an aerodynamic control flap in the case of which the flap can be operated at high setting speeds during the operation at a centrifugal force load of up to 1,000 g upon the components without the occurrence of a tilting of the components. In addition, it should be possible to mount the control flap in a low-maintenance and simple manner.
For achieving this object, a rotor blade of the initially mentioned type according to the invention is characterized in that, at its two ends, the control flap is in each case disposed by way of roller bearings on bearing bolts aligned in the span direction of the rotor blade, and in that the radially exterior bearing of the control flap has devices which provide a support with respect to the centrifugal forces of the control flap upon the rotor blade occurring from the rotation of the rotor blade.
In the case of the rotor blade according to the invention, as a result of the divided axis, the aerodynamic control flap can be mounted and maintained in the rotor blade in a simple manner. As a result of the support between the bearing which is on the outside in the span direction and the control flap, the control flap is not displaced toward the outside at high centrifugal forces, so that a tilting of the control flap on the axis cannot be caused in this manner. This effect is intensified by the two roller bearings.
The bearing bolts are advantageously fixed on the rotor blade side.
The bearing bolts can be welded or glued into the bearing eyes. However, the bearing bolts are advantageously screwed into the bearing eyes. As required, this ensures an easy exchange of the stressed components without the requirement of high repair expenditures. In addition, during the operation, the stressing of the bearing bolts takes place such that a screwed connection is sufficient for absorbing the forces.
Needle bearings are preferably used as roller bearings. For the swivelling, the control flap is generally controlled by way of control rod linkages, for the purpose of which the axis of rotation is situated outside the linking axis of the control rod linkage. In addition, the transversal forces from the aerodynamic loads are low, whereby the entire load in the bearings can be taken over by needle bearings. However, it is also possible to construct the bearings as multi-part ball bearings.
Advantageously, the devices for providing a support with respect to the centrifugal forces upon the control flap and thus for preventing an axial displacement of the control flap consist of a ball section situated in the bearing bolt and of a hollow socket which is in an operative connection therewith and which supports the control flap in the span direction. Particularly preferably, the radius of the hollow socket is selected to be larger than the radius of the ball section, elliptical sections also being conceivable. This ensures a smoothly operating point bearing by which a displacement of the control flap in the span direction is prevented which during the movement converts little energy into heat and friction.
The hollow socket advantageously consists of synthetic sapphire, while the ball section consists of steel. Naturally, it is also possible to use a hollow socket of a different bearing jewel, such as ruby. This material also does not bond with the ball section during friction.
The bearing eyes for receiving the bearing bolts may be integrated in the rotor blade. However, preferably, the bearing eyes are components of a frame which can be integrated in the rotor blade. As a result, it is possible to preassemble the control flap together with the bearing outside the rotor blade and to only have to carry out in the integrated condition the linking to the internal actuator system acting by way of the control rod linkage. This further reduces the mounting expenditures and facilitates the repair friendliness. In addition, in the event of wear, the bearing eyes c
Hermle Frank
Lorkowski Thomas
Crowell & Moring LLP
EADS Deutschland GmbH
Look Edward K.
Nguyen Ninh
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