Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Micro-organism – per se ; compositions thereof; proces of... – Bacteria or actinomycetales; media therefor
Patent
1990-12-11
1993-07-20
Fox, David T.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Micro-organism, per se ; compositions thereof; proces of...
Bacteria or actinomycetales; media therefor
435 34, 4351722, 435244, 4352523, 435878, 71 7, C12R 141, C12Q 104, C12N 1500, C12N 138, C05F 1108
Patent
active
052292916
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Field of the Invention
2. Background of the Invention
3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
4. Brief Description of the Figures
5. Detailed Description of the Invention Transconjugants
6. Example: Materials and Methods for the Production of Rhizobia Transconjugants and Nodulation of Non-Legumes Content of Nodulated Non-Legumes
7. Example:Rhizobium tritici which Nodulates Wheat Nodulated Wheat
8. Example:Rhizobium hordei which Nodulates Barley Nodulated Barley
9. Example:Rhizobium sorghi which Nodulates Sorghum
10. Example:Rhizobium oryzae Which Nodulates Rice
11. Example:Rhizobium as a Nitrogen Fertilizer for Eucalyptus
12. Example:Rhizobium Rl Which Nodulates Brassicas
13. Example: Total Nitrogen Analysis of Nodulated Non-Legumes
14. Deposit of Microorganisms
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention discloses Rhizobia transformants that infect, nodulate and fix nitrogen in non-legume plants grown from seeds coated with a material specific for the Rhizobia transformant. The nodulated non-legumes can be grown without using nitrogenous fertilizer; plants and the straw remaining after harvest have a higher protein content, dry matter content and nitrogen content than their non-nodulated counterparts.
The invention is illustrated by way of specific examples in which Rhizobia transconjugants ar used to nodulate grasses (the Poaceae family) including wheat, barley, sorghum, rice and Brassicas (the Cruciferae family) such as rape. Rhizobia transconjugants which fix nitrogen in eucalyptus (the Myrtaceae family) are also illustrated in the examples.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
An essential aspect of plant metabolism is the use of nitrates and other inorganic nitrogen compounds in the synthesis of organic compounds such as amino acids, proteins, chlorophylls, vitamins, hormones and alkaloids which are essential to plant growth and development. Although plants absorb nitrates and other nitrogen compounds from the soil, the ultimate source of nitrogen is the free dinitrogen (N.sub.2) of the atmosphere; however, free dinitrogen as such, must be fixed and converted to a form that can be utilized by the plant.
2.1. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION
Biological dinitrogen fixation (more commonly referred to as biological nitrogen fixation) is a complicated process involving the stepwise reduction of free nitrogen to ammonia through a series of intermediates; it is accomplished by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms some genera of which live symbiotically with certain vascular plants. The most important genus of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria is Rhizobium, which has numerous species, each of which is symbiotic with one or a few closely related species of legume plants (e.g., peas, beans, clcvers, etc). As a result, legumes, unlike other plants which are unable to fix nitrogen, do not require nitrogenous fertilizers for growth; in fact, legumes can enrich the nitrogen content of the soil. In view of the economic importance of many legumes, bacterial cultures are available for inoculating legume seeds; in addition, legume seed coatings containing viable rhizobia have been disclosed (U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,748 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,869).
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation involves the following: a Rhizobium bacterium which is specific for a particular legume host infects the root of the legume host. Thereafter a nodule develops on the root in which the Rhizobia live in an endosymbiotic state known as bacteroids which perform unique functions, such as nitrogen fixation, in close cooperation with the legume host; the bacteroid behaves almost like an organelle. Interestingly, Rhizobia do not generally fix nitrogen ex planta. For a review of various aspects of biological nitrogen fixation in legumes, see Chapters 3, 4, and 5 in "Plant Gene Research--Genes Involved in Microbe Plant Interactions", D. P. S. Verma, T. H. Hohn, Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 1984.
Infection, nodulation and nitrogen fixation each involve an intricate interaction between the Rhizobium and its specific legume host. In order for the initial
REFERENCES:
Gupta et al. 1984. Indian J. Expt. Bot. 22(10): 560-563.
Marvel et al. 1985. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 5841-5845.
Plazinski et al. 1985. J. Bacteriol. 163(2): 812-815.
Child, J. 1975. Nature 253: 350-351.
Kavimandan, S. 1986. Plant Soil 96(1): 133-135.
Hess et al. 1982. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 107(1): 81-84.
Hess et al. 1981. Z. Planzenphysiol. 101(1): 15-24.
Nielsen Sven-Erik
Sorensen Grete Morch
Fox David T.
Novo Industri A/S
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