Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving nucleic acid
Patent
1995-06-14
1997-12-09
Jones, W. Gary
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving nucleic acid
935 19, 935 78, C12Q 168
Patent
active
056959362
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a reagent and a method for detecting a nucleotide sequence in a sample.
It is often necessary, in techniques relating to nucleic acids and genetic material, to determine whether a gene, a part of a gene or a nucleotide sequence is present in a living organism, in a cellular extract from this organism or in a biological sample. Since any gene or part of a gene is, in theory, a specific sequence of nucleotide bases forming all or part of a nucleotide molecule, it is possible to look directly for the presence of a specific nucleotide sequence within a sample.
There is an immense interest in searching for specific nucleotide sequences in order to detect pathogenic organisms, to determine the presence of alleles, to detect the presence of lesions in a host genome and to detect the presence of a particular mRNA, or modification of a cellular host, to give some examples by way of illustration. Genetic diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Duchenne's myopathy, phenyl-ketonuria and beta-thalassemia, can be diagnosed by means of analysing the DNA of the individuals concerned. Furthermore, diagnosis or identification of viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi and parasites can be achieved by means of hybridization experiments using nucleic acid probes.
Different types of methods for detecting nucleic acids are described in the literature. These methods are based on the purine-pyrimidine pairing properties of the nucleic acid complementary strands in the DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA duplexes. This process of pairing is achieved by the establishment of hydrogen bonds between the adenine-thymine (A-T) bases and the guanine-cystosine (G-C) bases of the double-stranded DNA. Adenine-uracil (A-U) base pairs can also be formed by means of hydrogen bonds in the DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA duplexes. The pairing of the nucleic acid strands in order to determine the presence or the absence of a given nucleic acid molecule is commonly termed "nucleic acid hybridization" or simply "hybridization".
Based on the properties of the nucleic acids, techniques have been developed which make it possible to detect, and to quantify, a nucleic acid, termed the target, in a sample under analysis. These techniques can be divided into two broad categories: techniques termed direct detection techniques, such as those developed by Southern, E. M. (J. Mol. Biol., 98, 503, (1975)) and the technique termed "dot-blot" (Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor, (1982)) for detecting DNA, or the Northern technique for detecting RNA, and the techniques termed indirect techniques, such as the sandwich or "reverse dot" technique (see, for example, Dunn A. R. and Hassel J. A, Cell, 12, 23 (1977)); Ranki M. et al., Gene, 21, 77 (1983); Palva A. et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 23, 83 (1984); Polskycynki R. et al., Clin. Chem., 31, 1438 (1985); Saiki R. K. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol 86, 6230-6234 (1989)).
One of the principal difficulties encountered when developing a test for detecting a target nucleotide sequence of interest is the threshold of sensitivity of the hybridization methods. As a consequence, various methods have been described which have the purpose of increasing the detecting power of these hybridization techniques. These methods, termed "amplification methods", can take place at different stages in a detection process which uses nucleic acid probes. These stages can be classified in two categories: amplification of the target or amplification of the signal. The articles by Lewis (1992. Genetic Engineering News, 12, 1-9) on the one hand, and by Abramson and Myers (1993. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 4, 41-47), on the other, represent good general reviews of target amplification.
The major disadvantage of these techniques resides in the difficulty of quantifying the nucleic acid target of interest following the amplification step.
Other approaches relating to signal amplification have been described.
Palva A. M. et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,325, and Urdea M. S. et al., in European Patent 0 225 807, incre
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Charles Marie-Helene
Cros Philippe
Delair Thierry
Erout Marie-Noelle
Mandrand Bernard
Atzel Amy
Bio Merieux
Jones W. Gary
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