Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser – Synthetic resins – Mixing of two or more solid polymers; mixing of solid...
Reexamination Certificate
2000-06-21
2002-04-09
Michl, Paul R. (Department: 1714)
Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser
Synthetic resins
Mixing of two or more solid polymers; mixing of solid...
C525S263000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06369162
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a free radical process for preparing radial polymers, radial polymers prepared by the process, additive concentrates and lubricating oil compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The viscosity of oils of lubricating viscosity is generally dependent upon temperature. As the temperature of the oil is increased, the viscosity usually decreases, and as the temperature is reduced, the viscosity usually increases.
The function of a viscosity improver is to reduce the extent of the decrease in viscosity as the temperature is raised or to reduce the extent of the increase in viscosity as the temperature is lowered, or both. Thus, a viscosity improver ameliorates the change of viscosity of an oil containing it with changes in temperature. The fluidity characteristics of the oil are improved.
Viscosity improvers are usually polymeric materials and are often referred to as viscosity index improvers. Many viscosity improvers are block copolymers.
Dispersants are also well-known in the lubricating art. Dispersants are employed in lubricants to keep impurities, particularly those formed during operation of mechanical devices such as internal combustion engines, automatic transmissions, etc. in suspension rather than allowing them to deposit as sludge or other deposits on the surfaces of lubricated parts.
Multifunctional additives that provide both viscosity improving properties and dispersant properties are likewise known in the art. Such products are described in numerous publications including Dieter Klamann, “Lubricants and Related Products”, Verlag Chemie Gmbh (1984), pp 185-193; C. V. Smalheer and R. K. Smith “Lubricant Additives”, Lezius-Hiles Co. (1967); M. W. Ranney, “Lubricant Additives”, Noyes Data Corp. (1973), pp 92-145, M. W. Ranney, “Lubricant Additives, Recent Developments”, Noyes Data Corp. (1978), pp 139-164; and M. W. Ranney, “Synthetic Oils and Additives for Lubricants”, Noyes Data Corp. (1980), pp 96-166. Each of these publications is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Dispersant-viscosity improvers are generally prepared by functionalizing, i.e., adding polar groups, to a hydrocarbon polymer backbone.
Hayashi, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,173 relates to compositions suitable for use as dispersant-viscosity improvers made by reacting an acylating reaction product which is formed by reacting a hydrogenated block copolymer and an alpha-beta olefinically unsaturated reagent in the presence of free-radical initiators, then reacting the acylating product with a primary amine and optionally with a polyamine and a mono-functional acid.
Chung et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,821 relates to viscosity index improver-dispersants comprised of the reaction products of an ethylene copolymer grafted with ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid moieties, a polyamine having two or more primary amino groups or polyol and a high functionality long chain hydrocarbyl substituted dicarboxylic acid or anhydride.
Van Zon et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,294, relates to dispersant/VI improvers produced by reacting an alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid with a selectively hydrogenated star-shaped polymer then reacting the product so formed with a long chain alkane-substituted carboxylic acid and with a C
1
to C
18
amine containing 1 to 8 nitrogen atoms and/or with an alkane polyol having at least two hydroxy groups or with the performed product thereof.
Bloch et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,104, relates to oil soluble viscosity improving ethylene copolymers reacted or grafted with ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid moieties then with polyamines having two or more primary amine groups and a carboxylic acid component or the preformed reaction product thereof.
Gutierrez et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,632,769, describes oil-soluble viscosity improving ethylene copolymers reacted or grafted with ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid moieties and reacted with polyamines having two or more primary amine groups and a C
22
to C
28
olefin carboxylic acid component.
Each of these patents is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
For additional disclosures concerning multi-purpose additives and particularly viscosity improvers and dispersants, the disclosures of the following United States patents are incorporated herein by reference:
2,973,344
3,488,049
3,799,877
3,278,550
3,513,095
3,842,010
3,311,558
3,563,960
3,864,098
3,312,619
3,598,738
3,864,268
3,326,804
3,615,288
3,879,304
3,403,011
3,637,610
4,033,889
3,404,091
3,652,239
4,051,048
3,445,389
3,687,849
4,234,435
U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,079, Veregin et al., discloses a polymerization process comprising heating a mixture of a free radical initiator, a stable free radical agent, at least one polymerizable monomer compound, and optionally a solvent.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,804, Georges et al., discloses a free radical polymerization process comprising heating a mixture of a free radical initiator, a stable free radical agent, and at least one polymerizable monomer. The stable free radical agent includes nitroxide free radicals. An organic sulfonic or carboxylic acid can be added to increase the rate of polymerization.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,189,663, Nozaki, discloses block copolymers comprising copolymers where the macromolecules are made up of at least two different linear segments. The first is made up of a linear polymer of a member of the group consisting of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, anhydrides thereof, and their esters and amides. The second segment is made up of a polymer of a dissimilar member of the first group, esters of unsaturated alcohols and saturated acids, alkenes, alkadienes, vinyl halides, vinyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, alkenyl-substituted halo-hydrocarbons, and alkenyl ethers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,429, Solomon et al., discloses a process for free radical polymerization to produce relatively short chain length homo- and copolymers. The initiator has the general formula
U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,023, Odell et al., discloses a polymerization process comprising heating a mixture of a free radical initiator, a stable free radical agent, at least one polymerizable monomer compound, and a sulfonic acid salt polymerization rate enhancing compound to form thermoplastic resins.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,724, Moffatt et al., discloses a free radical polymerization process which includes heating a mixture comprised of a free radical initiator, a stable free radical agent, and ethylene.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,388, Koster et al., relates to a living free-radical polymerization process for preparing polymers from vinyl aromatic monomers comprising polymerizing the vinyl aromatic monomer in the presence of a difunctional nitroxyl initiator.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,530, Bi et al., describe star-block copolymers containing 60 to 95 percent by weight of a monovinyl aromatic compound and 40 to 5 percent by weight of a conjugated diene having 4 to 8 carbon atoms. The copolymers have the general formula (A-A′/B-B′)
m
-X-(B′-B/A′)
n
where A is a non-elastomeric polymer segment based on 80 to 90 percent by weight of the total monovinyl aromatic compound, B/A′ or A′B is an elastomeric copolymer segment based on a random copolymer of the monovinyl aromatic compound and the conjugated diene, B′ is an elastomeric segment of poly (conjugated diene) containing 20-40 percent by weight of the total conjugated diene, m and n are integers whose sum is between 3 and 20, and X is the radical of a polyfunctional coupling agent forming the nucleus of the star-block copolymer. These are prepared by a four-stage process of anionic polymerization.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,898, Sutherland et al., describe star polymers prepared by an anionic process having polymeric arms of a hydrogenated conjugated diene and substantially smaller polymeric arms of a methacrylate used as viscosity improvers. Methacrylate groups can be converted to amide or imide groups by reaction with primary or secondary amine to afford dispersant properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,511, Kazmaier et al.,
Lange Richard M.
Visger Daniel C.
Fischer Joseph P.
Michl Paul R.
The Lubrizol Corporation
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