Active solid-state devices (e.g. – transistors – solid-state diode – Organic semiconductor material
Reexamination Certificate
1997-03-20
2002-12-31
Crane, Sara (Department: 2811)
Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diode
Organic semiconductor material
C257S431000, C136S263000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06501093
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a solid state Quantum high Energy density Storage Or Retrieval device known as a quensor, and the trademark ENSOR™, having an energy density of about 1-15 kwhr/kg, comparable to gasoline, or more to a theoretical limit of about 75 kwhr/kg, is described. A fundamentally new principle is employed: A quensor film comprises oriented molecules with donor and acceptor groups, and with metal layers on the film surfaces. A dipole electric field may be established in the gap between a donor and an acceptor. Electric energy is stored in or retrieved from dipole electric fields throughout the volume of the quensor film. Electric energy is stored in the quensor film by charging the dipole electric fields from an electric energy source. Electric energy is retrieved from a quensor film by discharging the dipole electric fields and supplying the energy to a load. Electric breakdown in the film is avoided because positive and negative electric charges in the film are balanced everywhere. Busbars attached to the first and second metal layers are connected to terminals for charging or discharging the device.
In one embodiment the composite film comprises a plurality of stretch-oriented polymer chains with pendant donor and acceptor groups, and a gap between the donor and acceptor. In another embodiment the composite film comprises molecules with donor acceptor groups, and a gap between an adjacent donor and an acceptor, the molecules being electroordered and fixed in position.
This invention also relates to the manufacture of a quensor film.
This invention further relates to a composite photovoltaic and quensor panel for the storage or retrieval of solar-electric energy day or night on demand.
03.
DEFINITIONS
Quensor: A quantum energy storage or retrieval device
q-line: In a quensor, a line having a repeated pattern comprising an acceptor covalently linked to a donor and a gap between a donor and an adjacent acceptor.
Cell Configuration of a Unit Volume of Energy Storage or Retrieval.
Composite Film: A quensor polymer film between first and second outer metal layers on the film surfaces.
Covalent Bond: Elements such as Carbon tend to acquire their electron octets by sharing orbital electrons.[1.1] Example:
Electron Affinity: The energy gained by an electron from the electric field when it is acquired by an an atom or molecule. An element on the far right of the periodic table may acquire an electron to produce the stable electronic orbital configuration of the next higher noble gas. [2.41]
F+e
−
→F
−
(2)
9 electrons 10 electrons; same as neon
Group: An assembly of one or more atoms, usually attached to another atom or molecule by one or more covalent bonds.
Donor: A group characterized by the loss of electron, producing a positive ion.
Acceptor: A group characterized by an affinity for, and a gain of an electron. The electron is trapped by the acceptor, which becomes a negative ion.
Electric Dipole Field: Before the loss of an electron from a donor the internal positive and negative charges of the donor are balanced and close together. When an electron is removed from a donor group across a gap to an acceptor group, the donor becomes a positive ion, the acceptor becomes a negative ion, and electric energy is supplied from an external source to create an dipole electric field in the gap.
Spacer: A group forming an insulating bridge across the tunnel distance between a donor group and an acceptor group.
Gap: The tunnel distance between a donor and an acceptor, which may be-free space, or a spacer. In an electric field an electron may tunnel from a donor to an acceptor across a gap; or, in no field, less frequently, may spontaneously tunnel back.
Critical Range: A tunnel distance of 7 Å to 30 Å between donor and acceptor.
Linker: A group linking a donor and an acceptor.
Pillar: A rigid insulating structural group used as a crosslinking spacer between polymer chains.
Induced Dipole: An electric dipole in a group of atoms temporarily produced by a displaced electric charge without ionization of the group of atoms. An induced dipole, also known as the vector quantity “Polarization P” [5.1], exists only in the presence of an electric field.
Positive Electron Affinity: The Electric Energy Output to the electric circuit from an atom or group due to the addition of an electron to the atom or group. An Acceptor Group having a positive electron affinity attracts an electron.[2.4, 3.2]
Negative Electron Affinity: The Electric Energy Input from an electric circuit to a group to add an electron to the group. A Group with negative electron affinity repels an electron.[3.2]
Ionization Potential: The electric energy to remove an electron from an outer orbital of an atom or group of atoms.[1.3, 3.1]
Electric Energy Storage: In a quensor electric energy is stored in an dipole electric field. The dipole electric field exists in the gap between the electric charges on the positive and negative ions. The donor becomes a positively charged ion by the loss of an electron from its outer quantum orbital; and the acceptor becomes a negative ion by its outer quantum orbital acquiring an electron. The electric energy is supplied by an external electric energy source. The electric energy is stored while the dipole electric field exists.[3]
Electric Energy Retrieval: Conversely, in a quensor electric energy is retrieved from the dipole electric field by neutralizing the positive and negative charges on its ions. The electric dipole field ceases to exist when its electric energy is transferred to the load.
Electret: A dielectric material exhibiting quasi-permanent electric charge storage. [10]
Void: An empty volume of space, a vacuum containing no atoms, having a dielectric constant defined as 1.00.
ENSOR™: is trademark owned by the inventor, and an acronym for ENergy Storage Or Retrieval.
04.
RELATED PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS
U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,019 entitled “Electroordered Dipole Suspension” issued Apr. 10, 1984 to Alvin M. Marks, filed Jan. 5, 1981, Ser. No. 222377, and related U.S. Application data; U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,624 issued Jul. 20, 1993 to Alvin M. Marks entitled “Light-Polarizing Electrically-Conducting Film”, filed Oct. 1, 1990, Ser. No. 591,051. The subject matter of said patents is included herein in whole or in part, by reference.
05.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
An efficient low cost energy storage or retrieval device is critically needed to eliminate pollution by substituting for gasoline in automotive vehicles, and for many other uses. Energy storage or retrieval devices known to the art other than nuclear and combustible fuel for heat engines are: conventional capacitors, electrochemical supercapacitors, electromagnetic energy storage rings including superconducting electromagnetic energy storage rings, and storage batteries. At this time, storage batteries are the preferred electric energy storage or retrieval devices. The state of the art on storage batteries was recently summarized. [6] In Table I the energy density storage capability and other pertinent characteristics of prior art and projected storage batteries are compared with the device of the present invention. The last column shows comparative values estimated for the ENDOR™ energy storage or retrieval device of this invention.
TABLE I
GOALS FOR ADVANCED BATTERIES AND ENSOR ™.
Time Frame
1992
1994
2000
1998
Type of
Lead Acid
Na—S—Ni
Li Polymer
ENSOR
Battery
Hydride
Li—Al—FeS
2
kw hrs/kg
.025-.040
.080-.100
.200
15
Range Miles
40-100
150-200
300
600
Recharge
6-8
<6
3-6
3-6
Time hrs
Life yrs
3-5
5
10
>15
Cost
$/kw hr/kg
$120-125
<$40-150
<$100
<$25.
The electric energy storage per unit weight of a conventional capacitor of the prior art is limited by the maximum sustainable electric field in the insulating layer at breakdown. In a conventional capacitor the electric breakdown field in the insulating layer is usually
Crane Sara
Nixon & Peabody LLP
Safran David S.
LandOfFree
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