Explosive and thermic compositions or charges – Containing free metal or free carbon
Patent
1995-12-18
1997-08-12
Miller, Edward A.
Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
Containing free metal or free carbon
102334, 1491096, 149117, C06B 4300, C06B 2100, F42B 1270, F42B 1248
Patent
active
056567944
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a pyrotechnic smoke composition for camouflage purposes and to its use in a smoke element.
It is commonly known that artificially produced smoke is used against reconnaissance, target recognition and tracking or for screening tactical operations in the battle area and for obstructing or singling military targets. When this smoke is produced by means of a pyrotechnic smoke composition it is used e.g. in the form of smoke shells or as a charge in artillery ammunition or rocket warheads. Classical camouflage smokes are based on highly hygroscopic salts or acids that form a water droplet fog with the air humidity. There are for instance known smokes based on hexachloroethane and zinc, phosphoric acid smokes based on the combustion of white phosphorus, and pyrotechnic smoke compositions based on red phosphorus, or camouflage smoke derived therefrom or based on the same principle. While reconnaissance usually took place in the past with optical aids in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum at wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 microns, it has opened up further, longer-wave spectral ranges today. It utilizes very near, near and far infrared with wavelengths between 0.9 and 14 microns as well as the millimeter wave RADAR (MMW-RADAR) range with wavelengths between 1 and 30 millimeters (corresponding to about 300-10 G Hz).
The abovementioned classical camouflage smokes are ineffective for preventing reconnaissance in the latter spectral ranges.
It is known that conductive particle aerosols, such as metallic powders and graphite powder, are used with a good camouflage effect against reconnaissance in the infrared range. These clouds of dust are usually produced explosively from previously compacted material. They also cover the optical range. Carbon in the form of dispersed carbon black from pyrochemical decomposition reactions of highly condensed aromatic hydrocarbons or perhalogenated hydrocarbons or polymers thereof is known as IR smoke when produced in a sufficient amount.
As example for such smokes reference is made to EP-A1-0299835 and EP-A1-0210082. According to the first publication graphite particles or metal particles from copper, aluminium, silicon and mixtures thereof are used for example in a particle size between about 500.degree. and 700.degree. C. In the second publication fine carbon particles with sizes between 1 and 14 microns are produced chemically in a mixture containing fine metal powder.
Such smokes generally likewise cover the optical range as well. In the MMW-range, however, such IR smokes are also ineffective.
For the MMW-RADAR frequencies it is known to produce effective decoy-targets with accordingly dimensioned dipoles from metalized glass fibers or carbon fibers. The fibrous material is brought into the operational area e.g. by shells or rockets or from containers on airplanes and put into effect there by ejection or explosive distribution. The attenuation, reflection and dispersion of MMW-RADAR waves on clouds of these fibrous materials feigns target objects even for a radar receiver or covers a target to be camouflaged, e.g. a ship, airplane or military facility, over a large area. However these particle aerosol clouds can be readily localized and eliminated with some electronic effort by the MMW-sensors of rocket seeker heads. They are ineffective in the optical and IR ranges due to insufficient mass. In addition, all particle aerosols based on the dispersion of solids by ejection from containers or explosive decomposition of subammunition with previously compacted material have a further serious disadvantage. Their sojourn time at the place of the camouflage mission is extremely wind-dependent; a long-lasting effect can only be achieved by further production or reshooting with corresponding additional ammunition. This is very expensive and therefore ineffective for camouflaging large areas over long periods.
The invention is based on the problem of modifying a pyrotechnic smoke composition so that the smoke arising during burn-off absorbs, r
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Krone Uwe
Moller Klaus
Shulz Ernest
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