Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Treatment of micro-organisms or enzymes with electrical or... – Modification of viruses
Patent
1988-02-02
1992-01-21
Teskin, Robin L.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Treatment of micro-organisms or enzymes with electrical or...
Modification of viruses
4353201, 435208, 4352401, 4352402, 4352404, 4352523, 43525231, 435254, 435255, 435256, 536 27, 935 23, 935 28, 935 29, 935 37, 935 38, 935 55, C12N 940, C12N 116, C12N 118
Patent
active
050827782
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a new production method for a specific class of enzymes from the group of alpha-galactosidase enzymes. The latter have the capability of splitting galactose from saccharides containing galactose alpha-linked to other parts of the saccharide. Although alpha-galactosidase enzymes are known from a great variety of organisms (ranging from micro-organisms to human), for only some of them has the structure been elucidated recently, e.g. for Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (Liljestrom, 1985; Sumner-Smith et al., 1985), a human enzyme (Bishop et al., 1986) and the mel gene from E. coli (Liljestrom and Liljestrom, 1987). The latter two were published after the first claimed priority data of the present specification.
During the investigations resulting in the present invention, it was found that the S. carlsbergensis enzyme and the E. coli enzyme were not suited for the specific use described below. Human alpha-galactosidase could not be tested owing to lack of availability, but, in view of the experiments described below (cf. Example 4 and the Table in this specification), it is very likely that this human enzyme is also not suited for the specific use.
Thus, only a very limited number of alpha-galactosidase enzyme preparations are suitable for a process for reducing the galactose content of a galactomannan containing 1-16 linked alpha-D-galactopyranosyl units attached to a main chain of 1-4 linked beta-D-mannopyranosyl units (McCleary et al., 1984; EP-A- 0121 960). In this process the galactomannan is incubated in the form of a hydrated preparation containing 2-70% of galactomannan. In the present specification percentages are given by weight unless specified otherwise. The process yields galactomannans with a reduced content of galactose which can be used with advantage in human and animal foodstuffs and cosmetic preparations. However, the chemical structure of these very specific alpha-galactosidase enzymes is unknown.
In particular the process described in EP-A- 0 121 960 yields galactomannans having a galactose content decreased to a value of preferably between 27% and 10%. The interactive properties of the galactomannan are thereby considerably improved. Galactomannans obtained from guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) containing high proportions of galactose are mentioned as examples which can be used as starting materials in the process described in EP-A- 0 121 960. They yield galactomannans which have improved properties and can be used, for example as substitutes for locust bean (carob) gum, which has more favourable properties, such as gelling properties, in particular with other polysaccharides, than untreated guar gum has. Since locust bean gum is becoming more expensive and scarce, due to poor crops and because carob groves are generally not being replanted, the availability of substitutes for locust bean gum is welcomed by the industry in which locust bean gum is applied.
In the process described in EP-A- 0 121 960 an enzyme preparation is used that has a specific alpha-galactosidase activity and has at most a weak beta-mannanase activity. Suitable enzymes can be of vegetable origin (e.g. from lucerne, fenugreek, coffee beans or guar seed) or they can be obtained from bacterial (e.g. Bacillus cereus. Escherichia coli) or fungal cultures (e.g. Aspergillus or Saccharomyces), although not all of them are equally effective.
After incubation of the galactomannan with a suitable enzyme preparation until the galactose content of the galactomannan is reduced, the resulting product can be used as such, particularly in combination with other polysaccharides such as agar, carrageenan and xanthan taking advantage of the synergistic interaction with these materials or it can be purified before such use.
In the EP-A- 0 121 960 the following alpha-galactosidaes are described in the Examples: (cf. Ex. 13); and foenum-graecum) (cf. Ex. 13).
Although the treatment with the alpha-galactosidases described in EP-A- 0 121 960 giv
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Fellinger Arthur J.
Hughes Stephen G.
Overbeeke Nicolaas
Teskin Robin L.
Unilever Patent Holdings B.V.
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