Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser – Synthetic resins – At least one aryl ring which is part of a fused or bridged...
Patent
1996-07-16
1998-09-15
Lovering, Richard D.
Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser
Synthetic resins
At least one aryl ring which is part of a fused or bridged...
524457, 524760, 524804, 526911, 252356, 252312, C08K 506
Patent
active
058079238
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This application is filed under 35 U.S. C. 371 based on PCT/GB94/01814, filed Aug. 19, 1994.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an oil-in-water emulsion polymerisation process carried out in the presence of a particular surfactants, especially vic-dicarboxylic acid polyalkyleneoxy half esters.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
PCT application No PCT/GB 93/01335 published as WO 94/000508 A, describes a class of derivatives, particularly esters, of vicinal dicarboxylic acids, particularly alkenyl or alkyl substituted succinic acids. Various uses of these are described, for example as emulsifying agents. We have now found a sub-class of the compounds described in the PCT Application are particularly useful as oil-in-water emulsifying agents in the polymerisation of ethylenic monomers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the invention provides a process of oil-in-water emulsion polymerisation is characterised by the presence of at least one polyoxyethylene half ester of a vic-dicarboxylic acid.
More particularly, the invention provides a process of oil-in-water emulsion polymerisation in which the oil phase includes at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer to be polymerised wherein the emulsion is stabilised by one or more compounds of the formula (I) or (II): is hydrogen; formula --(C.sub.m H.sub.zm O)-- where m is 2 or 3 (and may vary along the chain), which includes ethylene oxide units and which may include up to 50 mole % of propylene oxide units; or potassium, or ammonium (especially NH.sub.4, amine ammonium or alkanolamine ammonium); or for formula (I).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the formulae (I) and (II) above the following represent particularly useful materials as emulsifiers in the process of this invention.
The group R or R.sup.1 which is not hydrogen alkenyl or alkyl is very desirably a C.sub.12 to C.sub.16 alkenyl or alkyl, especially alkenyl, group. When the group R.sup.2 is C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl it is desirably a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group, particularly a methyl group. Y is a cation forming group i.e. a group that can ionise from the rest of the molecule to form a cation thus leaving the residue of the molecule anionic i.e. negatively charged. In particular, it is hydrogen, alkali metal, especially sodium or potassium, or ammonium, especially NH.sub.4, amine ammonium or alkanolamine ammonium.
The alkylene oxide chain represented by (AO).sub.n is of units AO of the formula --(C.sub.m H.sub.zm O)-- where m is 2 or 3 (and may vary along the chain) includes ethylene oxide units and desirably is polyethylene oxide chain i.e. the group AO is --(CH.sub.2.CH.sub.2 O)--. However, the chain may include a minor molar proportion of propylene oxide residues --(C.sub.3 H.sub.6 O)--. When the chain includes propylene oxide residues then these residues are desirably present as a block at the end of the alkylene oxide chain adjacent the carboxyl function. The number of alkylene oxide residues in the chain is from 8 to 100, particularly from 12 to 50, including polyethylene glycol (polyethylene oxide chains--PEG) chains equivalent to PEG 600 to PEG 2000.
Preferred emulsifiers used in this invention are generally as set out in our co-pending application, but the process especially employs such half esters containing anionic groups and/or groups ionisable to form an anion. Preferred emulsifiers used in the present invention contain anionically ionisable groups.
The polymerisation reaction mixture may include materials such as one or more other surfactants, such as alkyl phenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates and their sulphate or phosphate esters; alkyl and arallkyl sulphonates; alcohol sulphates; sulphosuccinate mono- and di-esters; alkylene oxide block copolymers, such as ethylene oxide propylene oxide copolymers; and end carboxylated ethoxylates (ether carboxylates); and/or protective colloids, such as water soluble cellulose ethers, e.g. carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose; polyvinyl alcohol; and gums, such as xanthan and guar gums.
The oi
REFERENCES:
patent: 4256605 (1981-03-01), Baker
patent: 4263413 (1981-04-01), Gardner et al.
patent: 4525525 (1985-06-01), Hoefer et al.
patent: 4695401 (1987-09-01), Sweeney
Imperial Chemical Industries plc
Lovering Richard D.
Metzmaier Daniel S.
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