Liquid purification or separation – Processes – Ion exchange or selective sorption
Reexamination Certificate
2001-02-28
2003-07-08
Hruskoci, Peter A. (Department: 1724)
Liquid purification or separation
Processes
Ion exchange or selective sorption
C210S692000, C210S714000, C210S723000, C210S724000, C210S917000, C210S919000, C210S928000, C162S189000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06589427
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improved process for the treatment of an effluent comprising a mixture of spent wash from distillery and black liquor from pulp & paper industry. More particularly the invention is related to an improved method for the reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and color from the mixture of effluents of distillery and pulp & paper industry.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
Background and Prior Art References
In recent years, industrial effluents have been regarded as common source of pollution, because of lack of efficient treatment and improper mode of disposal of effluents generated by industries. Under these circumstances aquatic life suffers, resulting in loss of productivity natural waters and deterioration of water quality to such an extent that the water becomes unusable. It is obvious that the proper treatment of Distillery effluent (Spent Wash) and effluent from Pulp & Paper industry (Black Liquor) is quite necessary. The alcohol industry in India is based on molasses as the principal raw material. Molasses contains around 15% of fermentable sugars, out of which 9% is utilized for conversion into alcohol during fermentation. The balance organic & inorganic chemicals in the molasses find their way into the effluent popularly known as spent was which is acidic in nature. Spent wash, which is dark in color, has high BOD, COD & TDS. The origin of dark color is mainly due to plant pigments, melanoidins, polyphenolic compounds and caramels that are produced by thermal degradation and condensation reactions of sugar.
The paper and board industries generally use bamboo, straws, bagasse, rags, waste papers and other agricultural residues as raw materials in their manufacturing units. There are several types of processes involved, for which the volume and characteristics of wastewater known as black liquor differ from mill to mill. Black liquor mainly contains 3-6% of lignin originated from the bark of the plant, which is not easily biodegradable, along with other organic and inorganic impurities. The dark color of the black liquor is mainly due to presence of polyphenolic bodies like coniferyl, sinapyl and p-coumaryl alcohols produced during partial degradation of lignin. The pulp & paper industry uses large amounts of water which is recycled and reused resulting in temperature rise and dissolution of more solids in water enhancing problems e.g. corrosion, slime and other deposits. Directly or indirectly, all of these viz. COD, BOD, Color and toxicity may affect aquatic life.
In order to conform to environmental quality guidelines a number of primary and secondary treatment systems such as clarifires, aerated lagoons, trickling filters, biomethanation and other biological systems are installed. All these treatments remove reasonably good amount of COD, BOD but not color toxicity and inorganic impurities. Due to stringent environmental norms, such partially treated effluents of distillery and paper industries are not allowed to mix in the natural stream.
In the prior art the following methods are used to remove COD, BOD, TDS and color of Black Liquor and Spent Wash separately. Several methods hitherto used are described in brief herein below.
Decolorization of Melanoidin Pigment from Distillery Spent Wash.
Patil, N. B.; Kapadnis, B. P. (School Environmental Sciences, Univ. Poona, Pune, India). Indian J. Environ. Health, 37(2), 84-7 (English) 1995. CODEN: IJEHBP. ISSN: 0367-827X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA 123:207790 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Patil & Kapadnis have studied decolorization of spentwash melanoidin pigment by chem. and biol. methods. Spentwash from an anaerobic digester was treated with hydrogen peroxide, calcium oxide and soil bacteria. At 144 h. of incubation at varied concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the maximum decolorization and COD reduction was 98.67 and 88.40%, respectively.
An Absorption Mechanism for the Decolorization of Melanoidin by Rhizoctonia sp. D-90
Sirianuntapiboon, Suntud; Sihanonth, Prakitsin; Somchai, Praphaisri; Atthasampunna, Poonsook; Hayashida, Shinsaku (Thailand Inst. Scientific Technological Res., Bangkok 10900, Thailand). Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 59(7), 1185-9 (English) 1995. CODEN: BBBIEJ. ISSN: 0916-8451. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 10, 16, CA 123:151772 Sirianuntapiboon et al have observed that Rhizoctonia species D-90 decolorized molasses melanoidin medium and a synthetic melanoidin medium by 87.5% and 84.5%, respectively under experimental growth conditions. Mycelia grown in solutions of melanoidin turned dark brown; however, the melanoidin (dark brown in color) could be eluted from mycelia by washing in a NaOH solution and the max yield of melanoidin from mycelia reached 96.1%. Mycelia grown in potato dextrose medium did not have any electron-dense materials in the cytoplasm or around the cell membrane, but when such mycelia were transferred to melanoidin media, abundant electron-dense material appeared in the cytoplasm and around cell membranes. Subsequently, the electron-dense materials disappeared when the mycelia were returned to the potato dextrose medium for further growth. The Rhizoctonia species D-90 melanoidin decolorization mechanism involved melanoidin pigment absorption by the cells as a macromol and its intracellular accumulation in the cytoplasm and around the cell membrane as a melanoidin complex, which was then gradually decolorized by intracellular enzymes.
Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Winery and Distillery Wastewater by Application to Soil
Chapman, J. A.; Correll, R. N.; Ladd, J. N. (Department of Soil Science, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia). Rev. Fr. Oenol., 152, 47-9 (English) 1995. CODEN: RFOEE4. ISSN: 0395-899X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 123:121955 Chapman et al has reported that wineries produce about 2-5 L wastewater/L of table wine manufactured. Wastewater is gaining recognition as a potential source of supplementary irrigation water, particularly in districts where restrictions have been placed on the use of groundwater for irrigation. Winery wastewater is usually lagooned, to allow solids to settle, before applying the effluent to soil. Lagooned winery and distillery effluents contain about 0.5-2 and 3-15 g organic carbon per liter respectively. This soluble carbon must be removed from the effluent to avoid unacceptable increases in the organic carbon in groundwater receiving excess water from the irrigated sites. The removal of soluble organic C from winery and distillery wastewater by adsorption and microbial decay in soils was detected under different levels of carbon loading.
Decolorization and Degradation of Melanoidins in Wastewater by Ionizing Radiation
Sekiguchi, M.; Tanabe, T.; Sawai, T. (Tokyo Metropolitan Isotope Research Center, Tokyo 158, Japan). JAERI-Conf, 95-003(Proceedings of the 6th Japan-China Bilateral Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, 1994), 280-4 (English) 1995. CODEN: JECNEC. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 123:92173
Sekiguchi et al has investigated the decolorization and degradation of molasses pigments (melanoidins) in wastewater from yeast factories by ionizing radiation. In the case of samples with the same value of chromaticity (4000), the reduction degree of chromaticity of dialyzed sample reached 27.5% and 75% at a dose of 4.5 kGy and 14 kGy, respectively and was greater than that of non-dialyzed sample. Organic acids such as oxalic acid, formic acid and glycolic acid were formed with increasing dose, and the biodegradability (BOD/COD) of wastewater was increased with decrease in pH. The relationships between the value of chromaticity/TOC and mol. wt. of molasses pigments were obtained from subsequent experiments using dialyzed and non-dialyzed samples with the same value of TOC.
Color Removal from a
Bahirat Prakash Kondiba
Bahirat Shekhar Prakash
Joshi Ajit Ramesh
Kudlu Priyadarshini
Moghe Pramod Prabhakar
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
Hruskoci Peter A.
Oliff & Berridg,e PLC
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