Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus – product – and – Having magnetic field feature
Reexamination Certificate
1999-12-21
2002-05-14
Kalafut, Stephen (Department: 1745)
Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus, product, and
Having magnetic field feature
C429S010000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06387554
ABSTRACT:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a national stage of PCT/GR 99/00020 filed May 19, 1999 and based on German national application 98 0100180 of May 22, 1998 under the International Convention.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process for the production of hydrogen and electrical energy by the reforming of bioethanol, with the use of fuel cells and with zero emission of pollutants. Ethanol is produced from biomass which contains sugar and/or cellulosic components, originating from any source. An aqueous solution of ethanol (approximately 40-70% by weight) is mixed with air (0-0.5 mol oxygen per mol ethanol) and is fed to a reactor which contains a suitable catalyst for the reactions of partial oxidation and reforming of ethanol to take place. In the same or different reactor the shift reaction for the consumption of carbon monoxide and further production of hydrogen takes place.
The gaseous mixture which is produced in this manner is rich in hydrogen which can be separated and used in different applications. Alternatively, the gaseous mixture is fed to a fuel cell, preferably of the phosphoric acid or proton exchange membrane or solid polymer type, in which electrical energy and heat are produced.
No emissions harmful to the environment are produced in any of the stages of the above process.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of biomass as a renewable energy source has been (C. E. Wyman, Handbook On Bioethanol, Taylor and Francis, 1996). Three different systems using biomass as an energy source have been applied internationally: Combustion, pyrolysis for the production of gaseous and liquid fuels, and fermentation for the production of ethanol. Sources of biomass can be plants which have certain specific characteristics and which are grown for this purpose, or waste materials from cultivation of edible products or from agroindustries or from forestry. Studies which have been conducted in recent years show that there are significant quantities and sources of biomass which can be utilized for the production of energy.
The production of ethanol from biomass which is often referred to in the literature as “bio-ethanol”, is known and is practiced on a large scale, mostly in North and South America and in Europe (D. O. Hall, G. Grasi and H. Scheer, “Biomass for Energy and Industry”, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Biomass, Florence, Italy, Oct. 5-9, 1992). The processes for the production of ethanol can be classified in two large categories: Those which utilize sugar-containing raw materials—products of energetic cultivations (sorghum, cane, solid residue of sweet sorghum, etc.) as well as form residues of agroindustries. In the first case sugars are directly fermented for the production of ethanol while in the second case a hydrolysis step or another process from the production of sugars, which are then converted to ethanol via fermentation is employed (see the references previously cited).
Although the technology of biomass fermentation for the production of ethanol is mature, it has not been applied in large scale, at least in Europe, for economic reasons. A large fraction of the cost of bio-ethanol is the cost of separation of the aqueous solution which derives from fermentation and which contains approximately 8 to 12% ethanol. In order to use ethanol as a fuel in internal combustion engines the required purity exceeds 99%. Because ethanol and water form an azeotropic solution when the ethanol content is approximately 95%, further purification requires energy-consuming techniques, the application of which increases significantly the cost of bio-ethanol.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to utilize ethanol which is produced from biomass for the production of energy without requiring its separation from water to a large degree.
Another object is to provide a method of utilizing ethanol whereby the cost of ethanol production is reduced significantly while, simultaneously, the thermodynamic efficiency of its use is increased significantly (with the application of fuel cells) and the gaseous pollutants (would be produced by its burning (for example in internal combustion engines) are eliminated.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, a mixture of ethanol, oxygen and water react and produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and the hydrogen is fed to a fuel cell which produces electrical energy from the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen to water. The reforming of ethanol with water which is described by the reaction:
C
2
H
2
OH+3H
2
O→2CO
2
+6H2, &Dgr;H=+23.7 KJ/mol (1)
has been little investigated, in contrast to the reforming of methanol. It has been reported that reforming of ethanol over a copper catalyst of a Pd/ZnO produces acetic acid, acetaldehyde, H
2
and heavier oxygen-containing products (N. Takezawa and N. Iwasa, Catal. Today, 36 (1997) 45. Acetaldehyde is also produced when the reaction is taking place on Ni and Pt catalyst supported on MgO (M. Morita, A. Sato and Y. Matsuda, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, (1993) 164. Complete reforming of ethanol on a Ni catalyst has been reported, which, however, deactivates rapidly, probably due to carbon deposition (D. Wang, D. Montane and E. Chornet, Appl. Catal. A, 143 (1996) 245. The reaction of reforming of ethanol with water (Reaction 1) is endothermic and consequently supply of heat to the reactor is required. The simplest way to achieve this is the co-feeding of oxygen (air) together with the ethanol-water mixture over a suitable catalyst so that a small fraction of ethanol is oxidized to CO
2
and H
2
O, producing the required heat for the reforming reactions.
C
2
H
5
OH+1/20
2
+2H
2
O→5H
2
+2CO
2
, &Dgr;H=−20 Kcal/mol (2)
As far as we know, no study has appeared in the literature referring to the partial oxidation /reforming of ethanol.
According to the invention the hydrogen which is produced from the partial oxidation/reforming of ethanol., is fed to a fuel cell for the production of electrical energy. The advantages of fuel cells are the zero emission of pollutants since the only product of combustion of hydrogen is water and the improved thermodynamic efficiency in comparison with internal combustion engines.
Fuel cells are an innovation which finds applications in the production of electrical energy without the emission of pollutants, consuming hydrogen as fuel which is oxidized electrochemically with oxygen, with simultaneous production of electrical energy (R. Friberg, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 18 (1993) 853. The efficiency of fuel cells approaches 70% in terms of the heat which corresponds to the combustion of hydrogen, i.e. it is twice the efficiency of thermal engines which are subjected to the thermodynamic constraints of the Carnot type. There are five types of fuel cells which differ as to the type of electrolyte and in the temperature of operation. 1) The Phosphoric Acid type which is the most commercially advanced type and operate at temperatures around 200° C. They produce electrical energy with efficiency from 40 to 80% (V. Recupero, V. Alderrucci, R. Di Leonardo, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 19 (1994) 633. 2) Proton exchange membranes or solid polymers which operate at low temperatures, approximately 100° C., and offer large power density with quick response to power demands (T. R. Ralph, Platinum Metals Rev., 41 (1997) 102. 3) Solid Oxide fuel Cells which can be utilized in applications in which large power outputs are required and operate at about 1000° C. (Q. M. Nguyen, Chemtech, January 1992, p. 32). 4) Molten Carbonate Salts, whose electrolyte consists of molten carbonate salts of Li and K, the fuel is hydrogen and CO and the oxidizing mixture consists of oxygen and CO
2
.
They operate at temperatures of 600° C. with a large efficiency of fuel over power production (Q. M. Nguyen, Chemtech, January 1992, p. 32). 5) Alkalines which were used in space applications and produced power with an efficiency of approximately 70% operating at temperatures
Dubno Herbert
Kalafut Stephen
Verykios Xenophon
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