Compositions – Electrolytes for electrical devices
Patent
1987-01-27
1989-01-24
Howard, Jacqueline V.
Compositions
Electrolytes for electrical devices
252565, 585 10, 585 12, C10M10702
Patent
active
048000337
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
Shaped metallic parts are frequently produced by non-cutting reshaping, the workpiece, with or without prewarming, being given the desired shape by means of the action of high external forces. Types of non-cutting metal reshaping are, for example, wire drawing, bar drawing, tube drawing, section drawing, deep drawing and ironing, furthermore cold extrusion, cold heading, pilgering, cold and warm rolling, or forging.
It is known that lubricants can be employed in the non-cutting reshaping of metals in order to improve the results by reducing the friction between the workpiece and the form tool. Mineral oils, with or without high-pressure additives, animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes, and also metal soaps based on fatty acids, particularly based on stearic acid, are employed as lubricants.
When the known lubricants are used, the non-cutting reshaping of metals leads, in many respects, to unsatisfactory results. The desired high degrees of reshaping and reshaping speeds are frequently not achieved. The aimed-at dimensional accuracies and surface qualities of the workpieces and adequately long tool lives are also not achieved as a result of cold welding and grooving. In addition, the metal surfaces are stained or corroded and the environment is badly polluted by the chlorine-, sulfur- and phosphorous-containing additives which are often necessary in conventional lubricants in order to achieve a detectable lubricating effect. The disadvantages mentioned occur in particular in relatively difficult cases of metal reshaping, for example in the case of wire drawing, tube drawing, section drawing, cold extrusion or drop forging of steel, above all in the case of relatively high-alloy steels. In relatively difficult cases, metal reshaping is generally only possible at all using conventional lubricants if additional separating agent or lubricant carrier coatings are applied to the workpiece surface before the reshaping. The separating agent or lubricant carrier coatings must generally be applied chemically, in a complicated fashion, by reaction of, usually, certain salt solutions with the workpiece surface with formation of corresponding coatings on the workpiece surface (for example "phosphating", "oxalating"). Physical apolication by allowing salt solutions to dry on the workpiece surface is also only adequate in less difficult cases, but physical application frequently orovides completely unsatisfactory results. In addition, the separating coatings often impair the surface quality of the workpieces and require high expenditure for their removal before further processing of the workpieces, during which, in addition, waste water which requires working up is produced. Moreover, the action of the separating or carrier coatings is frequently insufficient to achieve acceptable reshaping results in difficult metal reshaping cases.
The invention is based on the object of simplifying the procedure in the case of non-cutting reshaping of metals and of improving the results.
This object is achieved according to the invention in that the metal reshaping is carried out using a lubricant, which is used, if appropriate, in combination with separating agent and/or lubricant carrier coatings, wherein the lubricant is selected from a group comprising polymers of 1-olefins, oxidation products of such polymers, and esterification and saponification products of the oxidation products mentioned, and also mixtures of the substances mentioned, this lubricant being employed in pure form or as a mixture with other mixture components of lubricants which are known per se.
The advantages which are achieved using the invention compared to known processes are, in particular, that higher degrees of reshaping and higher reshaping speeds, furthermore higher dimensional accuracies and better surface qualities of the workpieces, and also longer tool lives, are achieved. The reshapings can also be carried out with markedly lower energy expenditure and reduced environmental pollution. In addition, the application of additional separating agent o
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