Chemistry of inorganic compounds – Carbon or compound thereof – Oxygen containing
Reexamination Certificate
2001-01-18
2002-06-25
Griffin, Steven P. (Department: 1754)
Chemistry of inorganic compounds
Carbon or compound thereof
Oxygen containing
Reexamination Certificate
active
06409982
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method of preparing a free-flowing inorganic salt product. More specifically this invention relates to the production of free-flowing potassium carbonate sesquihydrate which has properties that adapt the product for utility as a macromineral nutrient in animal feedstocks.
Dietary macromineral elements are necessary for proper health and productive performance of lactating dairy cows. As a class of nutrients, these elements have been the subject of extensive research, and considerable information exists about individual effects of each micromineral element. Information on is interrelationships of macromineral elements in diets for lactating dairy cows is relatively limited.
An early publication was the first to propose that mineral interrelations were related to acid-base status [J. Biol. Chem., 58, 235 (1922)]. It was proposed further that maintenance of normal acid-base equilibrium required excretion of excess dietary cations and anions. It was hypothesized that consumption of either excess mineral cations relative to anions or excess anions relative to cations resulted in acid-base disturbances in animals (A. T. Shohl. Mineral Metabolism. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. 1939).
Once animal nutritionists began to test this hypothesis, mineral interrelationships were found to affect numerous metabolic processes, and there was evidence that mineral interrelationships had profound influences. It was theorized that for an animal to maintain its acid-base homeostasis, input and output of acidity had to be maintained. It was shown that net acid intake was related to the difference between dietary cations and anions. The monovalent macromineral ions Na, K and Cl were found to be the most influential elements in the interrelationship (P. Mongin. Page 1, Third Ann. Int. Mineral Conf. Orlando, Fla. 1980).
Nutrient metabolism in animals results in the degradation of nutrient precursors into strong acids and bases. In typical rations fed to dairy cattle, inorganic cations exceed dietary inorganic anions by several milliequivalents (meq) per day. Carried with excess dietary inorganic cations are organic anions which can be combusted to HCO
3
−
. Consequently, a diet with excess inorganic cations relative to inorganic anions is alkaline, and a diet with excess inorganic anions relative to cations is acidogenic.
Chloride is the most acidogenic element to be considered. An excess of dietary chloride can lead to a respiratory and/or metabolic acidosis. This is critical in ruminant nutrition because of salt (NaCl) feeding both in the diet and on an ad libitum basis. The acidogenic influence of chloride can be negated by sodium and potassium which are alkalogenic elements. Conversely, excess intake of sodium or potassium can induce metabolic alkalosis.
Blood Ph ultimately is determined by the number of cation and anion charges absorbed in the blood. If more anions than cations enter the blood from the digestive tract, blood Ph will decrease. It was proposed that a three-way interrelationship among dietary Na, K and Cl, i.e., the sum of Na plus K minus Cl [in meq per 100 g diet of dry matter (DM)], could be used to predict net acid intake. The term “dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD)” was coined to represent the mathematical calculation (W. K. Sanchez and D. K. Beede. Page 31, Proc. Florida Rum. Nutr. Conf. Univ. of Florida. 1991). Expressed in its fullest form, DCAD is written as follows:
meq [(Na
+
+K
+
+Ca
+2
+Mg
+2
)−( Cl
−
+SO
4
−2
+PO
4
−3
)]/100 g of dietary dry matter (DM).
A problem with including the multivalent macrominerals (Ca, Mg, P and S) in the DCAD expression for ruminants relates to the variable and incomplete bioavailability of these ions compared to Na, K and Cl. The expression employed most often in ruminant nutrition is the monovalent cation-anion difference:
meq (Na
+
+K
+
−Cl
−
)/100 g dietary DM
Because of the additional use of sulfate salts in prepartum rations, the expression that has gained most acceptance in ruminant nutrition is as follows:
meq (Na
+
+K
+
)−(Cl
−
+SO
4
−2
)/100 g dietary DM
For a calculation, mineral concentration are first converted to milliequivalents:
meq
/
100
g
=
(
milligrams
)
(
valence
)
(
g
atomic
weight
)
The following illustrates a calculation of the meq Na+K−Cl−S value of a diet with 0.18% Na, 1.0% K, 0.25% Cl and 0.2% S. There are 180 mg Na (0.18%=0.18 g/100 g or 180 mg/100 g), 1000 mg K (1.0% K), 250 mg Cl (0.25% Cl) and 200 mg S (0.2% S) per 100 g dietary DM. The S
4
−
entity is calculated as atomic sulfur.
meq
Na
=
(
180
mg
)
(
1
valence
)
(
23
g
atomic
weight
)
=
7.8
meq
Na
meq
K
=
(
1000
mg
)
(
1
valence
)
(
39
g
atomic
weight
)
=
25.6
meq
K
meq
Cl
=
(
250
mg
)
(
1
valence
)
(
35.5
g
atomic
weight
)
=
7.0
meq
Cl
meq
S
=
(
200
mg
)
(
2
valence
)
(
32
g
atomic
weight
)
=
12.5
meq
S
The calculated DCAD value is as follows:
meq (Na+K−Cl−S)=7.8+25.6−7.0−12.5=13.9 meq/100 g dietary DM
A simpler expression is as follows:
DCAD=(0.18% Na/0.023)+(1.0% K/0.039)−(0.25% Cl/0.0355)−(0.2%/0.016)=+13.9 meq/100 g dietary DM
As indicated above, the macrominerals in a ruminant feedstock have significant metabolic interrelationships relative to the health and lactational performance of dairy cattle. Animal trials have indicated that a magnesium deficiency results in failure to retain potassium, which can lead to a potassium deficiency. Also, excessive levels of potassium interfere with magnesium absorption. Because sodium and potassium must be in balance, excessive use of salt depletes an animal's potassium supply (pages 99-104. Feeds & Nutrition. Second edition, Ensminger Publishing Co., 1990).
Clinical studies have provided evidence that magnesium is essential for keeping the intracellular potassium constant. Dietary deprivation of magnesium is accompanied by muscle potassium deficit despite an abundant supply of potassium. In animal studies, a diet depleted of potassium caused a significant hypokalemia and hypermagnesemia, a diuresis and natriuresis, a magnesiuria, and a decrease in the fecal excretion of magnesium (Chapter 12. Magnesium:Its Biological Significance. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.).
“Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle” (1989) by the National Research Council lists recommended nutrient content of diets for dairy cattle (Table 6-5, page 87). For early lactation, the recommended diet contents are 0.18% sodium, 1% potassium, and 0.25% magnesium (DM basis). Under conditions of heat stress, potassium can be increased to 1.2%; and under conditions conducive to grass tetany, magnesium can be increased to 0.3% to satisfy distress macromineral requirements.
An important aspect of formulating ruminant feedstocks is the quality and adaptability of macromineral nutrient sources. With respect to potassium-containing macrominerals, the preferred sources are potassium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate sesquihydrate. Anhydrous potassium carbonate is not a desirable macromineral nutrient since it tends to generate heat when formulated in a ruminant feedstock, and the consequence is a less palatable feedstock. Potassium bicarbonate has a low content of potassium ca
Block Elliot
Cummings Kenneth R.
Paluzzi Joseph A.
Zuccarello William J.
Church & Dwight & Co., Inc.
Fishman Irving M.
Griffin Steven P.
Johnson Edward M.
LandOfFree
Process for production of potassium carbonate sesquihydrate does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Process for production of potassium carbonate sesquihydrate, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Process for production of potassium carbonate sesquihydrate will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-2917971