Process for preparing arylpyridines

Details Process for preparing arylpyridines Process for preparing arylpyridines

1999-07-01

2001-06-19

Rotman, Alan L. (Department: 1612)

Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series

Organic compounds

Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...

C546S286000, C546S301000, C546S303000, C546S304000, C502S338000, C502S339000

Reexamination Certificate

active

06248892

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a novel process for preparing arylpyridines from halopyridines and aryl Grignard reagents using a phosphino-palladium-ferrocene catalyst. Arylpyridines have industrial importance as precursors for active compounds in the agricultural sector.
A method frequently employed for synthesizing arylpyridines on a laboratory scale is palladium-catalyzed cross coupling in which iodoaromatics and bromoaromatics are reacted with organometallic aryl derivatives, in particular arylboronic acids or aryl Grignard reagents, in the presence of palladium or nickel catalysts. Examples describing this methodology may be found, for example, in E. Negishi, F.-T. Luo, R. Frisbee, H. Matsushita, Heterocycles 18, 1982, 117; T. Sakamoto, Y. Kondo, N. Murata, H. Yamanaka, Tetrahedron 49,1993, 9713, EP 0 834 508 A1 and WO 96/21647.
Despite the many publications in the field of synthesis of arylpyridines in the presence of nickel or palladium catalysts, no examples of a relatively large scale industrial implementation of the methods have been known up to now. This can be attributed to the fact that the catalyst systems described frequently require uneconomical amounts of catalyst or give low selectivities, i.e. high proportions of dimerization products. Moreover, large amounts of catalyst, generally >1 mol %, have to be added to achieve industrially usable conversions. In addition, owing to the complexity of the reaction mixtures, no simple recycling of the catalyst is possible, so that catalyst costs generally prevent industrial implementation.
Furthermore, in the Suzuki coupling, substituted biphenyls are found when using customary catalyst systems such as Pd(Oac)
2
/triphenylphosphine mixtures, due to aryl transfers as seco ary reaction (D. F. O'Keefe et al., TeTrahedron Letters 1992, 6679).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a novel process for preparing arylpyridines from halopyridines and aryl Grignard reagents using a phosphino-palladium-ferrocene catalyst.
DESCRPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
For the reasons mentioned, it is of great industrial interest to find better, industrially usable catalyst systems for the synthesis of arylpyridines, in particular for the arylation of economically advantageous bromopyridines and chloropyridines. There is therefore a great need for a process which avoids the disadvantages described and makes it possible to obtain arylpyridines in high purity in a technically simple manner.
This object is achieved by a process for preparing arylpyridines of the formula (I)
where
R
1a
to R
9a
are identical or different and are hydrogen, C
1
-C
12
-alkyl, C
2
-C
12
-alkenyl, C
2
-C
12
-alkynyl, C
1
-C
12
-alkoxy, C
1
-C
12
-acyloxy, O-phenyl, O-benzyl, aryl, heteroaryl, F, Cl, NO
2
, CN, SO
2
R, SOR, where R is aryl, preferably phenyl or naphthyl, F or C
n
F
2n+1
where n=1-12, NH(C
1
-C
6
-alkyl), N(C
1
-C
6
-alkyl)
2
, CH═N(C
1
-C
6
-alkyl), CX
3
, where X=F, Cl or Br, COO-(C
1
-C
12
-alkyl), CO-(C
1
-C
12
-alkyl), CO-phenyl, COO-phenyl, CON(C
1
-C
8
-alkyl)
2
, CONH(C
1
-C
8
-alkyl), CHCHCOO-(C
1
-C
12
-alkyl), PO(phenyl)
2
, PO-(C
1
-C
8
-alkyl)
2
or PO
3
-(C
1
-C
8
-alkyl)
2
,
which comprises reacting a halopyridine of the formula (II)
with an aryl Grignard compound of the formula (III)
where Hal is chlorine or bromine, in the presence of a palladium catalyst of the formula (IV)
where
R
1
to R
8
are identical or different and are hydrogen, C
1
-C
4
-alkyl, C
5
-C
8
-cycloalkyl, C
1
-C
4
-alkoxy, fluorine, NH
2
, NH-(C
1
-C
4
-alkyl), N(C
1
-C
4
-alkyl)
2
, CO
2
-alkyl-(C
1
-C
4
) or phenyl, or R
1
, and R
2
, or R
2
and R
3
, or R
3
and R
4
; and/or R
5
and R
6
, or R
6
and R
7
, or R
7
and R
8
together form an aliphatic or aromatic ring, R
9
to R
12
are identical or different and are C
1
-C
8
-alkyl, C
3
-C
12
-cycloalkyl or aryl, which may be substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C
1
-C
4
-alkyl, C
1
-C
4
-alkoxy and halogen, and
Y is an anion of an organic or inorganic acid.
The compound of the formula (I) can be a 2-, 3- or 4-arylpyridine.
Preference is given to a process for preparing compounds of the formula (I), in which
R
1a
to R
9a
are hydrogen, C
1
-C
8
-alkyl, C
2
-C
8
-alkenyl, C
2
-C
8
-alkynyl, C
1
-C
8
-alkoxy, C
1
-C
8
-acyloxy, F, Cl, CN, O-phenyl, phenyl, a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having from 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, COO-(C
1
-C
8
-alkyl), CO-(C
1
-C
8
-alkyl), CHCHCOO-(C
1
-C
8
-alkyl), CONH(C
1
-C
4
-alkyl) or CON(C
1
-C
4
-alkyl)
2
.
Particular preference is given to a process for preparing compounds of the formula (I) in which
R
1a
to R
9a
are hydrogen, C
1
-C
4
-alkyl, C
1
-C
4
-alkoxy, CN, COO(C
1
-C
4
-alkyl), phenyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, 4,5-dihydrooxazolyl, pyridyl, CONH(C
1
-C
2
-alkyl), CON(C
1
-C
2
-alkyl)
2
, F or Cl.
A process for preparing 2-phenylpyridine is of very particular interest.
Preference is given to catalysts of the formula (IV), in which R
1
to R
8
are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, C
5
-C
6
-cycloalkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, fluorine, NH(C
1
-C
2
-alkyl), N(C
1
-C
2
-alkyl)
2
or phenyl,
and R
9
, R
10
, R
11
, R
12
are phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, fluorophenyl or (C
1
-C
4
)-alkoxyphenyl,
and Y is chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, acetate, propionate benzoate, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, nitrate, phosphate, tetrafluoroborate, tosylate, mesylate, acetylacetonate, hexafluoroacetylacetonate or pyrazolyl.
Particular preference is given to compounds of the formula (IV) in which R
1
to R
8
are H, methyl or phenyl, and R
9
to R
12
are phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, fluorophenyl or methoxyphenyl.
Very particular preference is given to 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) chloride (=Pd (dppf)Cl
2
), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) chloride•dichloromethane and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) bromide.
The catalyst is advantageously used in an amount corresponding to from 0.00001 to 1 times, preferably 0.0001 to 0.1 times, in particular from 0.0001 to 0.08 times, the molar amount of halopyridine of the formula (II)
The catalyst is preferably used in a homogeneous phase.
Solvents used are generally inert organic solvents. Preference is given to using aromatic, polar aprotic solvents such as alkylbenzenes, dialkylbenzenes or trialkylbenzenes, or ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether or diethyl ether.
The palladium catalysts used can be synthesized prior to the reaction according to the invention, but they can also be generated in situ without loss of catalytic activity. The synthesis of the catalyst is carried out, for example, by a method analogous to that described by A. W. Rudie, D. W. Lichtenberg, M. L. Katcher, A. Davison, Inorg. Chem. 17, 1978, 2859.
The process of the invention is generally carried out at temperatures of from 20 to 200° C. Preference is given to temperatures of from 60 to 180° C., in particular from 60 to 100° C.
It is particularly advantageous to meter the Grignard component, dissolved in an inert solvent, into the haloaromatic and the catalyst in a solvent which is inert toward all reactants. Suitable inert solvents are preferably those mentioned above for the catalyst.
The Grignard compounds used are advantageously used as 15-40% strength by weight solutions in tetrahydrofuran. 20-35% strength by weight solutions in tetrahydrofuran are particularly advantageous.
The molar ratios of the halopyridines of the formula (II) and the Grignard compounds of the formula (III) are advantageously from 1:1 to 1:1.3, preferably from 1:1.001 to 1:1.01.
Especially 2-phenylpyridine and its derivatives can be prepared with the aid of the process of the invention in yields of greater than 95% and with conversions and selectivities of >98%. By-products formed during the reaction by dimerization of the Grignard components or dimerization of the halopyridines or by subsequent

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