Catalyst – solid sorbent – or support therefor: product or process – Catalyst or precursor therefor – Organic compound containing
Reexamination Certificate
2000-03-14
2002-07-30
Wood, Elizabeth D. (Department: 1755)
Catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor: product or process
Catalyst or precursor therefor
Organic compound containing
C502S400000, C502S401000, C502S402000, C502S404000, C502S439000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06426315
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD AND USE OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a process for preparing multifunctional porous matrices. Currently the principal use of the inventive matrices is separation of one or more components from a mixture of components dissolved or dispersed in a liquid. The matrices can also be used as solid phases for: a) the synthesis of oligopeptides and oligonucleotides, b) the analysis and determination methods utilizing affinity reactions, etc. There are also other uses.
Current separations involve that a liquid containing the component(s) is contacted with a matrix, wherein the component(s) to be separated is/are partitioned to the matrix and is/are thereby removed from the remaining components, which are differently partitioned to the matrix including not partitioned at al.
By the expression “partitioned to the matrix” is meant that a component is bound or is otherwise adsorbed on/in the matrix.
By components is meant individual substances/complex structures including whole cells and parts thereof.
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
Synthesis of Separation Matrices and Associated Problems
To obtain components with sufficiently high purity several separation matrices with different function must often be used in separate steps. This has lead to thoughts of creating multifunctional matrices, which would give a reduction in the number of separation steps. Se e.g. our patent application “Matrices for separation and separation method exploiting said matrices”, which has been filed concurrently with this application. We there describe matrices, involving two or more distinct layers which are different concerning separation characteristics.
The synthesis of matrices with given separation characteristics has often involved reacting a base matrix, exhibiting functional groups A, with a reagent I, which via reaction with the groups A gives the matrix a new functionality. A has often been hydroxy, amino (primary, secondary and tertiary), thiol, carboxy (—COOH/—COO—), alkenyl, such as in allyl. halogen etc and corresponding activated (reactive) forms. Since the groups A usually are localized throughout the matrix, earlier known techniques have involved the introduced functionalities have had a similar localization all throughout the matrices. By an introduced functionality is meant either a reactive group or a group contributing to the separation characteristics of the matrix. Reactive groups introduced have then been utilized for creating groups, which contribute to the separation characteristics of the matrix or other characteristics one wishes to utilize in matrix bound form.
According to earlier techniques it has not been possible to introduce layered functionalities in porous matrices. There is a need for new methods.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The principal object of the invention is to enable preparation of porous matrices, which in their interior part exhibit layers with different functions, for separation matrices usually layers with different separating functions (separation layers).
THE INVENTION
The invention is a method for introducing a functionality on a porous matrix according to the methodology mentioned in Technical Background. The invention enables introducing a desired functionality in one or more well defined layers in the matrix. The invention is characterized in
a) that the amount of reagent I, which the matrix is contacted with, is deficient compared to the groups A that exist in advance to reaction with reagent I, and
b) that reagent I and the reaction conditions are selected so that the reaction between reagent I and the group A is rapid compared to transport of reagent I in the matrix (the reaction with group A is rapid compared to the diffusion of reagent I in the matrix).
By deficiency is meant that the amount of reagent I is not sufficient for a reaction with all A groups in the matrix. An inner layer of the matrix will remain unreacted at the same time as a layer with a new functionality is introduced by reagent I. When calculating deficiency, considerations should be made that reagent I can be depleted in side reactions, via vaporization etc.
By rapid reaction between group A and reagent I is also understood that reagent I is adsorbed locally to a group A in a rapid physico-chemical reaction. In this case, reagent I can be stabilized to the matrix by addition of one or more additional reactants promoting local binding to the matrix.
Typical examples group A according to the invention are hydroxy, amino, carboxy (—COOH/—COO—), mercapto, carbon-carbon double bond etc.
Reagent I can be any compound which can bind more rapidly to the matrix than it is diffusing through the matrix, provided that it introduces the intended function. The ratio between rate of diffusion and the rate of reaction with A can be optimized by proper selection of reagent I, taking in consideration that layer functionalisation is promoted by increasing the reactivity of reagent I for group A, and also by increasing the size of reagent I. The reactivity is often influenced by the solvent, pH, temperature etc. Suitable conditions are selected according to conventional practice for each reagent and the type of reaction which is to be performed. Nonpolar and polar organic solvents as well as organic solvents of intermediate polarity and mixtures thereof with each other, and where appropriate also with water, may often be better suited for the process of the invention than pure water.
Reagent I can be a compound which introduces the desired functionality provided the conditions appropriate for this to occur are met (rapid reaction with,the groups compared with transport in the matrix). For the synthesis of separation matrices, in this case reaction of reagent I with A introduces the separating characteristic in a predetermined layer.
Reagent I can also be a so called activating reagent. These are usually utilized for introducing reactive groups that are necessary for further functionalization and use of the matrix according to the introductory part. Activating reagents can be electrophilic, nucleophilic, based on free radicals etc.
On the date of priority we have mostly worked with reagent I in form of electrophilic reagents. Examples are X
2
or XOH (where X is a halogen such as chlorine, bromine, iodine) or any other halogenating reagent which easily gives away a positively or uncharged halogen. Most halogenating reagents, especially X
2
or XOH, give an instantaneous reaction with carbon-carbon double bonds. Carbon-carbon double bonds may result in vicinal dihalides or halohydrins as reactive groups, which easily are converted to reactive epoxy groups.
Usually reactive groups as such do not contribute with any useful separation characteristics. Therefore they are often further reacted with a compound B, which introduces the desired separation characteristic in the layer which has been activated according to the invention. Particular separation characteristics, which can be introduced by use of a compound B are given below under the heading “Introduced Separation Characteristic”. Compound B can be selected to introduce reactive groups which in turn can be utilized for introducing separation characteristics via reaction with a compound C. Theoretically longer reaction sequences may be possible to use. Provided that it can be arranged so that compounds B, C etc diffuse slower than they react with previously introduced groups, the invention can also be applied to each of the reaction between compound B. C etc and previously introduced reactive groups.
If required, it can be suitable to introduce protecting groups which later can be removed. For example, if a reagent (reagent I, compound B, C etc) is to be transported through a layer wherein there are groups destroying the reagent.
The degree of cross-linking, the density or the porosity of the matrix is a special kind of functionality. It can be changed layerwise without adding a compound B. For the combination carbon-carbon double bond, as group A, and X
2
or XOH, as reagent I, cross-linking can be achieved in the layer activated according
Berglund Rolf
Bergstrom Jan
Soderberg Lennart
Amersham Pharmacia Biotech AB
Chisolm Robert F.
Ronning, Jr. Royal N.
Ryan Stephen G.
Wood Elizabeth D.
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