Process for enrichment of fat with regard to polyunsaturated fat

Details Process for enrichment of fat with regard to polyunsaturated fat Process for enrichment of fat with regard to polyunsaturated fat

1992-11-04

1994-08-09

Prescott, Arthur C.

Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series

Organic compounds

Fatty compounds having an acid moiety which contains the...

426422, 426424, 426425, 426429, 426601, 426805, 554 18, A23D 500, C11B 312

Patent

active

053367928

DESCRIPTION:

BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a process for enrichment of fat with regard to polyunsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids (PL), whereby the fat is extracted with a fat dissolving, polar alcohol.
It is known that the composition of fatty acids in fat in the diet is important for the prophylaxis of heart diseases and arterioschlerosis, and that it is desirable to use fat with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
From EP-A-O 175 468 it is known to administer EPA and/or DHA in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases.
It is also known that such acids as part of phospholipids are easier to absorb and ingest in the body.
Very important in this connection are the unsaturated fatty acids:
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), denotation C20:5n-3,
DHA (dokosahexaenoic acid), denotation C22:6n-3,
DPA (dokosapentaenoic acid), denotation C22:5n-3.
Most of the marine fish- and mammal species have fat that contains relatively large quantities of EPA and DHA bound in phospholipids.
It has been known, for example, from EP-A/0147509 to process fat by saponification or alcoholysis in order to extract and purify polyunsaturated fatty acids. In such a process, the free fatty acids or methyl or ethyl esters thereof are complexed with urea. In such a process, the fat undergoes a chemical reaction.
With industrial production of lipids from animal- and vegetable materials, experience has learned that it is more difficult to separate phospholipids than triglycerids from body tissues by conventional methods (cooking, pressing, extraction etc.), and that the fat remaining in the tissues will be enriched with phospholipids by such production methods.
From EP-A-O 347 509 it is known a process of extraction and purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereby fat is subjected to saponification or alcoholysis. Thereafter the free fatty acids or methyl or ethyl esters thereof are complexed with urea. This means that the fat undergoes a chemical reaction.
Through extraction with a polar extraction liquid most of the remaining fat can, however, be recovered.
In order to increase the positive effect upon health from this type of fat, it is desirable to enrich the fat with regard to both EPA, DHA, DPA and phospholipids; however, without altering the natural biological structure and properties of the fat.
Such enriched fat will be of great importance not only for the prophylactic effect concerning heart diseases and arteriosclerosis, but also for better nutrition for human and animal lives, especially in the prenatal and the early growth periods.
An adequate supplement of such enriched fat in the diet would assist in securing proper nutriment combinations and thereby noticeably reduce mortality and improve growth conditions for such human and animal lives.
This is of special interest for fish farming, where supplementary quantities of enriched fat in normal feed combinations, at approximate amounts,
0.5 to 1% of the feed, or, referred to the total fat,
10 to 20% of the fat in the feed, could, according to published test reports, probably reduce mortality considerably and increase growth rate by about 10%.
Such enriched fat is according to the invention obtained by the following steps,
that the dissolved fat is then precipitated in fractions with increasing content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids, through
a.sub.1) that the liquid solution is concentrated through evaporation until precipitation of the first fat fraction starts,
a.sub.2) that the first fat fraction is separated, and
a.sub.3) that further precipitation and concentration are made in steps, through separation of another fat fraction with the start of each following precipitation, whereby the number of precipitated fractions whereby relative quantities at each precipitation can be regulated.
By this process, according to the invention, an adjustable enrichment of EPA, DHA and DPA together with phospholipids is attained without chemical transformation through, for example, esterification of the fatty acids.
Isopropanol is especially suitable as an extract

REFERENCES:
patent: 4564475 (1986-01-01), Masaichiro
patent: 4675132 (1987-06-01), Stout et al.
patent: 4792418 (1988-12-01), Rubin et al.
patent: 4874629 (1989-10-01), Chang et al.
patent: 5130242 (1992-07-01), Barclay

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