Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Fatty compounds having an acid moiety which contains the...
Patent
1996-02-26
2000-01-18
Carr, Deborah D
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Fatty compounds having an acid moiety which contains the...
554190, 554204, C11B 300
Patent
active
060159154
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a process for degumming a fatty substance such as a crude or delecithinated, animal or vegetable oil or fat, and to the fatty substance thus obtained.
All fatty substances contain a certain number of impurities, liposoluble substances entrained during the bursting of the oil-bearing cells, which can make them unusable for consumption. Some of these impurities have a detrimental influence on the taste, odor and appearance of the product and on its storage.
The purpose of the refining of fatty substances is to remove the free fatty acids, oxidation products, unpleasant flavors, colorants and toxic products (such as pesticides and glycosides), as well as the phospholipids and the metals (such as iron and copper) which are present in trace form and generally bonded to organic compounds.
The presence of phospholipids in the crude oils entails a number of disadvantages. In the presence of water they hydrate and form deposits which decompose in the course of time. Experience also shows that a refined oil which is poorly freed from its phospholipids becomes acidic, oxidizes and rapidly takes on an unpleasant taste. Phospholipids are often bonded to heavy metals (such as calcium, magnesium, iron and copper), some of which have a detrimental influence on the conservation of the refined fatty substances, since they are oxidation catalysts. Phospholipids are also thermally unstable substances which darken the oil when they decompose at high temperature. Finally, since phospholipids are surfactants, their incomplete removal at the beginning of the refining entails the formation of foams and emulsions which result in abnormal losses of oil and deactivation of the decolorizing earths.
Among the fatty substances, some contain few phospholipids (for example palm fat, lauric and animal fats); they can therefore be easily rid of these substances by dry degumming, that is to say by the addition of an acid in order to decompose them and of an earth in order to bind them thereto. Thus, these fatty substances can be refined by neutralizing distillation or physical refining.
The oils obtained by pressing and/or by extraction with the aid of a solvent (for example soya, rape-seed and sunflower oils) are, on the other hand, very rich in phospholipids and are therefore generally refined chemically. Refining of this type presents a number of disadvantages; one of these is that it gives rise to "soapstocks", mixtures of oil and of soaps, which have to be treated, and this involves losses of oil and additional costs.
The total phospholipid content of these crude oils, expressed in the form of phosphorus, can be easily lowered from 800 ppm to 150-200 ppm by aqueous degumming or delecithination. The oil is stirred in the presence of water at 80.degree. C., resulting in hydration and flocculation of the phospholipids. They can therefore be separated by gravity separation or centrifuging. The 150-200 ppm of residual phosphorus represent chiefly the nonhydratable phospholipids, which are complexes of phosphatidic acid and of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, which are combined with divalent ions (such as calcium, iron or magnesium). The removal of these nonhydratable phospholipids, which has become necessary for physical refining, can be carried out by virtue of a special degumming according to various routes: with the aid of an acid in order next to hydrate it. This superdegumming (see German Patents No. 2609705 and 132877), also including a special cooling cycle, produces phosphorus contents which are much lower than with a conventional acidic degumming. However, the final result depends greatly on the quality of the crude oil. Finally, the removal of iron still requires much bleaching earth. This superdegumming has therefore been supplemented (European Patent No. 0 348 004) by a second cooling cycle and the addition of water or of caustic soda to improve the purification. However, this results in a very long, very complex and costly process. phospholipid complexes and then converts them in the presence of causti
REFERENCES:
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Deffense Etienne Marie Joseph
Dufour Jean-Pierre Ghislain
Jamil Said
Carr Deborah D
Fractionnement Tirtiaux S.A.
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