Animal husbandry – Aquatic animal culturing – Fish culturing
Reexamination Certificate
2000-03-01
2002-05-14
Jordan, Charles T. (Department: 3644)
Animal husbandry
Aquatic animal culturing
Fish culturing
Reexamination Certificate
active
06386145
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is concerned with the control of gill diseases in fish, more particularly with the control of these diseases in a cultured fish farming environment. In accordance with this invention a wide variety of fish gill diseases can be controlled or cured. The process of this invention comprises adding Chloramine-T to the aqueous environment which contains the diseased fish so as to achieve a specific but relatively low concentration of Chloramine-T.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of Chloramine-T for curing diseases in fish is decades old, in the most common situation in the prior art diseased fish are exposed to solutions having a relatively high concentrations of Chloramine-T for a short period of time.
In the past when Chloramine-T was used for aquatic disease control diseased fish were exposed to a solution of Chloramine-T at concentrations in excess of 10 parts per million (ppm). These prior art exposures were effected in raceways or holding tanks for periods of time of from 10 to 20 minutes. After exposure to the Chloramine-T the fish were returned to rearing ponds. In the present invention the diseased fish are treated in their rearing ponds, thereby eliminating the trouble and expense of moving the diseased fish from their rearing ponds to holding tanks or raceways and then returning the fish to their rearing pond.
As is mentioned above to some degree the use of Chloramine-T for aquatic disease control is known in its prior art however the prior art treatment process is inherently different from the process of this invention.
With the process of this invention it is possible to control or cure proliferative gill diseases PGD which commonly afflicts catfish, which diseases are caused by a wide variety of pathogens. In its broadest terms, this invention relates to the utilization of a particular low concentration Chloramine-T solution, which kills the pathogens which are responsible for the PGD and thereby allow the fish to recover.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Gill diseases have been a problem which man has addressed since the very beginning of aqua culture. These diseases can result in substantial or total fish loss in a particular rearing pond. Gill diseases are a common problem in fish aqua culture, these diseases being caused by crowded conditions which are necessary in order to make fish aqua culture practical. The susceptibility of fish to gill disease, in an aqua culture environment may be further enhanced by inadequate nutrition which leaves the fish in a weakened condition. With this invention proliferative gill disease (PGD) is easily controlled. PGD is a serious malady of intensively cultured fish, particularly young catfish. If it is not diagnosed and treated early, thousands of fish may die within a short period. Affected fish stop feeding, swim near the surface, and face into the current. Microscopically, gill epithelium is hyperplastic and covered with masses of long, thin gram-negative bacteria. Although death is caused by damage from a massive infection of the gills, stressors associated with intensive culture, such as crowding and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, predispose fish to infection. Neither the stressors involved nor their modes of action are fully understood.
The subject invention is concerned with a process whereby a wide variety of PGD can be cured or controlled by use of the active chlorine in Chloramine-T to destroy the pathogens which are responsible for PGD.
In the preferred embodiment, fish which are showing signs of PGD are treated by applying Chloramine-T to the water in the rearing pond at a predetermined concentration. Using the process of this invention the diseased fish are cured because the active chlorine moiety destroys the pathogens which are responsible for the PGD. The water in the rearing pond must contain Chloramine-T in the correct concentration, as too much Chloramine-T will kill the weakened diseased fish and too little Chloramine-T will be ineffective. In other words in order to control PGD the Chloramine-T must be used at the correct concentration.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In accordance with the above discussion this invention is concerned with a process for controlling or curing fish which are from suffering PGD. PGD is a term used to refer to a plurality of diseases, which are caused by exposure of the fish to gamma negative bacteria, myxobacteria, alromonads and pseudomonods. PGD results from crowding in the ponds or tanks which are used to contain the fish. Once started a disease can spread rapidly causing the loss of millions of fish as may be contained in a tank or pond. In the subject invention it is not necessary to remove the diseased fish to a separate environment for treatment, instead the tank or pond which contains the diseased fish is treated. While Chloramine-T has been used in the past to treat fish which are effected with PGD, in the prior art the fish were removed to a separate environment and treated for a short period of time in a separate holding tank or raceway.
In these prior art treatment processes a separate holding tank is prepared, such that the concentration of Chloramine-T is between 10 and 25 ppm.
Fish suffering from PGD were placed in the tank for a period of time of from about 10 to 20 minutes. The fish were then removed from the holding tank and returned to their respective tank or pond.
Another prior art process requires that the diseased fish be placed in a raceway wherein water is running through this raceway and a concentrated solution of Chloramine-T is fed into the raceway in order that the concentration of Chloramine-T in the raceway is between 10 and 20 ppm, and the fish are in the raceway for between 10 and 20 minutes, whereupon the fish are returned to their respective tank or holding pond.
These prior art treatment processes are disadvantageous in that the diseased fish are exposed to relatively high concentrations of Chloramine-T. In view of this exposure some of the meat of the fish may be contaminated with Chloramine-T, as a result of this contamination the meat becomes unmarketable. A further disadvantage of these prior art processes is the trouble and expense of moving the diseased fish from one environment to another.
Fish which are diseased with PGD tend to stop eating, lose their orientation and float on their side. If action is not taken immediately the whole population of the tank or pond can be dead within 24 to 48 hours.
In contrast to the prior art process described above in accordance with this invention there is no need to remove the fish to a separate treatment environment. Instead in accordance with the process of this invention, the tank or pond in which the diseased fish are contained in treated with Chloramine-T, wherein the concentration of Chloramine-T is between 2 and 3 ppm. If the concentration of Chloramine-T is allowed to exceed 3 ppm the weakened fish will die as a result of the long term exposure to Chloramine-T. In contrast if the concentration of the Chloramine-T is less than 2 ppm the treatment is ineffective and the fish will not be cured of PGD.
The broad range for treatment in accordance with the process, is a Chloramine-T concentration of from about 2 to about 3 ppm, a more preferred concentration for the Chloramine-T for use in this invention is between 2.15 and 2.75 ppm with a preferred concentration being 2.5 ppm.
In order to effect these concentrations in the tank or pond where the diseased fish are contained the concentrated solution of Chloramine-T is prepared for using the correct amount of Chloramine-T for the volume of water which is contained in the tank or pond where the diseased fish reside. This concentrated solution is then spread evenly over the surface of the pond or tank via the use of a chemical boat. In order to aid mixing aeration equipment is run one hour before the application and 35 hours after the application.
As an alternative procedure powdered Chloramine-T may be spread evenly over the surface of the pond.
It is preferable that the Chloramine-T be ad
B. L. Mitchell, Inc.
Bahr Donald R.
Smith Kimberly S.
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