Optics: measuring and testing – Inspection of flaws or impurities – Transparent or translucent material
Patent
1998-07-27
1999-11-09
Font, Frank G.
Optics: measuring and testing
Inspection of flaws or impurities
Transparent or translucent material
356375, 356385, 356347, 356356, G01N 2100
Patent
active
059824832
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention concerns a method for accurately determining spatial and/or time intervals in the focused image of a lens/aperture-diaphragm system, herein called lens-diaphragm system, and/or of spatial and/or time parameters such as speed or depth of an object, in particular to accurately and intelligently control robots.
Cameras operating in a geometric-optics manner are already used in passive methods and they image onto photographic films or on arrays of charge-coupled devices (CCD). Both procedures provide spatial 3-D information in flat, 2-D form in the image plane. While the resolution of optic cameras is restricted only by optical parameters and by film grain size, on the other hand they are limited to storage and are unsuitable for processing in real time. While CCD cameras offer rapid image processing, they are, however, limited in their resolution by the pixel size of the CCD arrays. It is true that holographically imaging and recording devices can both provide and store spatial 3-D information, but only in coherent light. Moreover, a 2-beam procedure, namely an object and a reference beam, are inherently required in picture-taking. Lastly, holographic systems are able to process images in real time only under constrained conditions. Stereo cameras are technically even more complex and demand computations based on two CCD arrays to obtain 3D information.
As regards the technology of optic sensors, and in particular optical-grating spatial-frequency-filtering using the CORREVIT-/CORREFOT measurement technique (CORREVIT is a trademark of CORRSYS GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), signal processing regarding length, speed and interval measurements of objects moving relative to the sensor (assembly line, industrial conveyor belts and such) are implemented by inserting gratings between geometric-optics imaging means and following photodiodes into the optic beam to act as signal modulators, as described for instance in German Patent Documents A 21 44 487 and AS 2156617. However, the gratings are used therein merely as 1D-/2D- beam splitters, not as diffraction 1D-/2D-/3D- gratings.
Theoretical modeling was carried out at the "Institut fur Optosensorik Dr. Lauinger/Wetzlar" based on a 3D grating and relating to the "inverted retina of the human eye" that were considered relating (N. Lauinger, "A New Interpretation Of The Stiles-Crawford Effects In Human Vision", Journal of Biological Physics, 19: 167-188, 1994; N. Lauinger, "The Relationship Between Brightness, Hue And Saturation When The Inverted Human Retina Is Interpreted As A Cellular Diffractive 3D Chip", SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 2588, Oct. 1995, 208-232) to subjective phenomena known in human vision (aperture effects, the so-called Stiles-Crawford effects I and II, the Bezold bridge phenomenon, for example). Partial aspects were computed by modeling in 4D grating optics (M. Carbon, "Using Diffraction Theory Of Human Vision For Design Of Color Vision Devices", SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 2353, 1994, 550-560; N. Lauinger, "Inverted Retina Of The Human Eye; A Trichromatic 4D Space-Time Optical Correlator", SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 2904, 1996, 344-360). Effects of a diffraction 3D grating were described regarding incoherence-coherence transformation of optic radiation, as known from German Patent Document A 37 40 533.
In spite of vast and comprehensive endeavors especially regarding automation and robotics, there is to date no technically high resolution, rugged and real time determination of 3D motion based on contactless sensor data acquisition. The core significance of optical flux fields for visual determination of motion is known from German Patent Document A 195 03 606, also "Structure From Motion By Linear Transformation", Proc. Workshop "Kognitive Robotiki", B. Krieg-Bruckner, Ch. Herwig. Edts., ZKW-Bericht 3/95, Zentrum fur Kognitionswissenschaften Universitat Bremen, March 1995. The essential performance features of neural networks are parallelism and adaptiveness (H. O. Carmesin, "Theorie Neuronaler Adaption", Koster, Berlin 1994;
REFERENCES:
patent: 4383734 (1983-05-01), Huignard et al.
patent: 4458979 (1984-07-01), Ross
Carmesin Hans-Otto
Gornitz Eckhard
Kusch Sigurd
Lauinger Norbert
Pinnow Manfred
Font Frank G.
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Angewandten Forschung
Lauinger Norbert
Ratiff Reginald A.
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