Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Having -c- – wherein x is chalcogen – bonded directly to...
Patent
1997-08-29
1999-11-16
Cook, Rebecca
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Having -c-, wherein x is chalcogen, bonded directly to...
514375, A61K 31445
Patent
active
059858915
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to the treatment or prophylaxis of conditions resulting from the accumulation of acid in the gastrointestinal tract of a human or an animal, said accumulation resulting from the fermentation of carbohydrate in the gastrointestinal tract of the human or animal. The problems associated with fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract, and overcome with treatment, include adverse behaviour, diarrhoea, skin disorders and infections of the hind gut associated with acidic conditions.
BACKGROUND ART
The digestive processes in humans and in monogastric animals such as pigs, birds and horses, involves acid digestion in the stomach followed by absorption of simple sugars, amino acids, fats etc from the small intestine. The undigested material then passes into the large intestine which contains a dense population of bacteria and where fermentation of fibrous material and undigested sugars, starches and carbohydrates occurs. Ruminants such as sheep and cattle, related animals and some kangaroo species have a forestomach in which feed is fermented prior to acid digestion. These animals also have a hind gut where fermentative digestion also occurs.
The hind gut (or large intestine) varies in size and structure depending on the nature of the diet and the extent of fibre digestion which normally occurs. In humans and animals it consists of a colon and caecum and both of these compartments can vary in their size and in their complexity of structure. Normal fermentation results in the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) which are absorbed from the gut. In the hind gut the pH is maintained, under normal conditions within the range 6 to 7.5, as it is within this range that bacterial fermentation is most efficient. If starch, sugar or other carbohydrate enters the hind gut it is rapidly fermented, and this rapid fermentation can lead to the accumulation of lactic acid, which is a stronger acid than the VFA and it is not absorbed as quickly. The accumulation of lactic acid leads to a decline in pH. These acidic conditions can result in damage to and death of bacteria with the release of endotoxins. The low pH can also initiate the release of various peptide hormones and/or enzymes by the gut wall and these molecules can be active in different parts of the body. The endotoxins and/or hormones and/or other chances which result from high levels of hind gut fermentative activity may affect numerous functions of the body. There is therefore a wide range of biological consequences which result from an acidic pattern of fermentation in the hind gut.
Consequently, there are several adverse effects which excessive levels of starch and/or sugar can have on humans and animals. These include behavioural changes in horses and humans, diarrhoea in animals and humans, skin disorders in humans and infections of the hind gut associated with acidic conditions. It is also known that severe carbohydrate overload in animals can cause significantly reduced intake and in some instances, death. Under extreme models of carbohydrate overload in which non-physiological amounts of glucose and/or starch are administered to animals, acidic patterns of fermentation develop, leading to conditions such as diarrhoea in ruminants. Under normal nutritional circumstances isolated episodes of diarrhoea are not considered to be a result of incomplete carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine and the occurrence of excessive fermentation in the hind gut. It has generally been considered to be a fact in human and animal digestive physiology, that starches and sugars are completely digested and absorbed from the digestive tract prior to the hind gut. Because complete digestion and absorption has been assumed, the occurrence of hind gut fermentative acidosis has never been considered as a potential health problem under normal dietary conditions. Therefore, it has never been recognised as the possible primary cause of abnormalities such as behavioural changes, diarrhoea and skin disorders linked to the inclusion of starc
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