Fuel and related compositions – Liquid fuels – Aluminum or heavy metal – other than lead – containing
Patent
1979-08-01
1981-03-31
Dees, Carl F.
Fuel and related compositions
Liquid fuels
Aluminum or heavy metal, other than lead, containing
44 27, 208 8LE, C10L 902
Patent
active
042590841
ABSTRACT:
Solid, naturally-occurring carbonaceous materials such as coal, lignite, peat and the like are treated by oxygen-alkylation or oxygen-acylation employing a phase transfer reaction under mild conditions. The treated coal may then be liquefied, gasified, pyrolyzed, solubilized or otherwise further processed to obtain useful products therefrom. For example, liquid products derived from coal so treated are more compatible with petroleum products and evidence lower viscosity and boiling range than liquid products not so treated. The solubility of coal bottoms is increased in common organic solvents as compared with coal bottoms derived from untreated coal.
The phase transfer reaction chemically alters phenolic and carboxylic functional substituents. These two very polar functional groups are converted to relatively non-polar ethers and esters, respectively. The O-alkylation or O-acylation is carried out in a binary liquid phase solution (organic and water phases with a solid phase suspended in the medium). A quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt is reacted with alkali metal or alkaline earth metal base to produce the corresponding quaternary ammonium or phosphonium base. This quaternary base is non-nucleophilic and readily removes the phenolic and carboxylic protons but does little else to the coal structures. After the removal of weakly acidic protons by the base, the phenoxides and carboxylates which are produced then undergo O-alkylation or O-acylation.
REFERENCES:
patent: 3359197 (1967-12-01), Masciantonio et al.
patent: 3376212 (1968-04-01), Masciantonio et al.
patent: 3992432 (1976-11-01), Napier et al.
patent: 4059410 (1977-11-01), Schlosberg et al.
Ion Pair Extraction in Preparative Org. Chem., Bran dstrom et al., Acta Chem. Scand., p. 2202 (1969).
Chem. Structure and Properties of Coal, Blom et al., vol. 36, Fuel, pp. 135-153, 1957.
Methylation of Coals, Yohe et al., vol. 69, J. ACS, pp. 2644-2648 (1947).
Solubilization of Coals by Reductive Alkylation, Sternberg et al., Fuel, vol. 53, pp. 172-175 (1974).
Collins D. W.
Dees Carl F.
Exxon Research and Engineering Co.
Naylor Henry E.
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