Preparation of diagnostic agents by spray drying

Details Preparation of diagnostic agents by spray drying Preparation of diagnostic agents by spray drying

1995-06-28

2002-02-05

Hartley, Michael G. (Department: 1619)

Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions

In vivo diagnosis or in vivo testing

Ultrasound contrast agent

C424S489000

Reexamination Certificate

active

06344182

ABSTRACT:

The present invention relates to the preparation of diagnostic agents comprising hollow microcapsules used to enhance ultrasound imaging.
The fact that air bubbles in the body can be used for echocardiography has been known for some time. Bubble-containing liquids can be injected into the bloodstream for this purpose (see Ophir et al (1980)
“Ultrasonic Imaging”
2, 67-77, who stabilised bubbles in a collagen membrane, U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,442 (Schering) and EP-A-131 540 (Schering)) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,718,433, 4,774,958 and 4,844,882 disclose the use of bubbles prepared by sonicating an albumin solution. However, the size distribution of the bubbles is apparently uncontrollable and the bubbles disappear when subjected to pressure experienced in the left ventricle (Shapiro et al (1990)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiology,
16(7), 1603-1607).
EP-A-52575 discloses, for the same purpose, solid particles which have gas entrained in them, the gas being released from the particles in the bloodstream.
EP 458 745 (Sintetica) discloses a process of preparing air- or gas-filled microballoons by interfacial polymerisation of synthetic polymers such as polylactides and polyglycolides. WO 91/12823 (Delta Biotechnology) discloses a similar process using albumin. Wheatley et al (1990)
Biomaterials
11, 713-717 discloses ionotropic gelation of alginate to form microbubbles of over 30 &mgr;m diameter. WO 91/09629 discloses liposomes for use as ultrasound contrast agents. Our co-pending patent application PCT/GB92/00643 (published since the priority date of this application as WO 92/18164) discloses a spray-drying method which leads to particularly advantageous microspheres having the required strength and tightly controlled size distribution. Other spray-drying processes, for different purposes, were disclosed in Przyborowski et al (1982
Eur. J. Nucl. Med.
7, 71-72), namely the preparation of human serum albumin (HSA) microspheres for radiolabelling and subsequent use in scintigraphic imaging of the lung.
The Przyborowski et al article refers to two earlier disclosures of methods of obtaining albumin particles for lung scintigraphy. Aldrich & Johnston (1974)
Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isot.
25, 15-18 disclosed the use of a spinning disc to generate 3-70 &mgr;m diameter particles which are then denatured in hot oil. The oil is removed and the particles labelled with radioisotopes. Raju et al (1978)
Isotopenpraxis
14(2), 57-61 used the same spinning disc technique but denatured the albumin by simply heating the particles. In neither case were hollow microspheres mentioned and the particles prepared were not suitable for echocardiography.
We have now developed our previous spray-drying process (WO 92/18164) and adapted it to produce further advantageous products.
One aspect of the present invention provides a process comprising a first step of atomising a solution or dispersion of a wall-forming material in order to obtain (i) hollow microspheres of 15-20 &mgr;m diameter, (ii) hollow microspheres having a prolonged half-life in the human bloodstream or (iii) hollow microspheres which are adapted for selective targeting to an area of the human or animal body.
These three microsphere products will be termed herein “the large microspheres”, “the long life microspheres” and “the targeted microspheres”, respectively.
Preferably, the product obtained in the said process is subjected to a second step of reducing the water-solubility of at least the outside of the said microspheres.
The said two steps may be carried out as a single process or the intermediate product of the first step may be collected and separately treated in the second step. These two possibilities are referred to hereinafter as the one step and two step processes.
The wall-forming material and process conditions should be so chosen that the product is sufficiently non-toxic and non-immmunogenic in the conditions of use, which will clearly depend on the dose administered and duration of treatment. The wall-forming material may be a starch derivative, a synthetic polymer such as tert-butyloxycarbonylmethyl polyglutamate (U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,398) or a polysaccharide such as polydextrose or starch.
Generally, the wall-forming material can be selected from most hydrophilic, biodegradable physiologically compatible polymers. Among such polymers one can cite polysaccharides of low water solubility, polylactides and polyglycolides and their copolymers, copolymers of lactides and lactones such as &egr;-caprolactone, &dgr;-valerolactone, polypeptides, and proteins such as gelatin, collagen, globulins and albumins. Other suitable polymers include poly-(ortho)esters (see for instance U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,093,709; 4,131,648; 4,138,344; 4,180,646; polylactic and polyglycolic acid and their copolymers, for instance DEXON (see J. Heller (1980)
Biomaterials
1, 51; poly(DL-lactide-co-&dgr;-caprolactone), poly(DL-lactide-co-&dgr;-valerolactone), poly(DL-lactide-co-g-butyrolactone), polyalkylcyanoacrylates; polyamides, polyhydroxybutyrate; polydioxanone; poly-&bgr;-aminoketones (
Polymer
23(1982), 1693); polyphosphazenes (
Science
193 (1976), 1214); and polyanhydrides. References on biodegradable polymers can be found in R. Langer et al (1983)
Macromol. Chem. Phys.
C23, 61-125. Polyamino-acids such as polyglutamic and polyaspartic acids can also be used as well as their derivatives, ie partial esters with lower alcohols or glycols. One useful example of such polymers is poly-(t,butyl-glutamate). Copolymers with other amino-acids such as methionine, leucine, valine, proline, glycine, alamine, etc are also possible. Recently some novel derivatives of polyglutamic and polyaspartic acid with controlled biodegradability have been reported (see WO 87/03891; U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,398 and EP 130 935 incorporated here by reference). These polymers (and copolymers with other amino-acids) have formulae of the following type:
—(NH—CHA—CO)
x
(NH—CHX—CO)
y
where X designates the side chain of an amino-acid residue and A is a group of formula —(CH
2
)
n
COOR
1
R
2
OCOR(II), with R
1
and R
2
being H or lower alkyls, and R being alkyl or aryl; or R and R
1
are connected together by a substituted or unsubstituted linking member to provide 5- or 6-membered rings.
A can also represent groups of formulae:
—(CH
2
)
n
COO—CHR
1
COOR  (I)
and
—(CH
2
)
n
CO(NH—CHX—CO)
m
NH—CH(COOH)—(CH
2
)
p
COOH  (III)
and corresponding anhydrides. In all these formulae n, m and p are lower integers (not exceeding 5) and x and y are also integers selected for having molecular weights not below 5000.
The aforementioned polymers are suitable for making the microspheres according to the invention and, depending on the nature of substituents R, R
1
, R
2
and X, the properties of the wall can be controlled, for instance, strength, elasticity and biodegradability. For instance X can be methyl (alanine), isopropyl (valine), isobutyl (leucine and isoleucine) or benzyl (phenylalanine).
Preferably, the wall-forming material is proteinaceous. For example, it may be collagen, gelatin or (serum) albumin, in each case preferably of human origin (ie derived from humans or corresponding in structure to the human protein). Most preferably, it is human serum albumin (HA) derived from blood donations or from the fermentation of microorganisms (including cell lines) which have been transformed or transfected to express HA.
Techniques for expressing HA (which term includes analogues and fragments of human albumin, for example those of EP-A-322094, and polymers of monomeric albumin) are disclosed in, for example, EP-A-201239 and EP-A-286424. All references are included herein by reference. “Analogues and fragments” of HA include all polypeptides (i) which are capable of forming a microsphere in the process of the invention and (ii) of which a continuous region of at least 50% (preferably at least 75%, 80%, 90% or 95%) of the amino acid sequence has at least 80% sequence identity (preferably at least 90%, 95% or 99% identity) with a continuous region of at least 50% (preferably 75%, 80%, 90% or 95%) of hu

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