Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Carrier-bound or immobilized enzyme or microbial cell;... – Enzyme or microbial cell is immobilized on or in an organic...
Patent
1981-04-13
1985-06-18
Naff, David M.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Carrier-bound or immobilized enzyme or microbial cell;...
Enzyme or microbial cell is immobilized on or in an organic...
435161, 435162, 435179, 435180, 435182, C12N 1110, C12N 1108, C12P 714
Patent
active
045241376
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a catalyst for biochemical conversion reactions of the kind which proceed in two or more stages from a substrate or a substrate mixture to a desired end product via one or more intermediate products, whereat certain of the conversion stages require the presence of one or more enzymes, while others of said stages require the presence of one or more microorganisms.
The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing such a catalyst.
A very large number of different biochemical conversion reactions are known which in principle proceed in the form of a chain of a plurality of sequential reaction stages, and which require the presence of enzymes in certain of the reaction stages and the presence of microorganisms in other stages. These biochemical conversion reactions are thus, in principle, of the kind ##STR1## where E represents one or more enzymes and M represents one or more microorganisms. As will be understood, the reaction chain may often comprise more than two stages.
Examples of conversion reactions of the first kind include ##STR2##
One example of the other type of conversion reaction is ##STR3##
These are only a very few examples of the large number of biochemical conversion reactions known to the art.
One characteristic of these biochemical reactions is that the reaction rate is influenced by the presence of the product formed, in a manner such as to cause the reaction to proceed progressively slower, and to finally stop altogether when the content of the formed product increases. When carrying out the various reaction stages in the process batchwise, the reaction will thus stop automatically at relatively low yield, whereafter it is necessary to separate the formed product from the substrate and the catalyst used, i.e. the enzyme or microorganism used, so that the catalyst, which is often expensive, can be used again. Neither should the catalyst be present in the final product removed, since such presence is often undesirable. These separation operations, however, are often complicated and expensive to carry out. Consequently, it is desirable that the various stages in such a process can be carried out by means of a continuous method in which the reaction products are continuously removed from the reaction space, to allow the reaction to proceed without hinder, thereby to provide a high yield. Such a continuous process, however, requires the catalyst used, i.e. the enzyme or the microorganism used, to be immobilized in one way or another, so that said catalyst does not accompany the continuous flow of reaction products from the reaction space, but remains in said space. Further, it would be to great advantage, both economically and practically, if it were possible to carry out two or more of the stages in a biochemical conversion reaction of the kind in question in one and the same reaction chamber, e.g. in one and the same column. This requires, however, the simultaneous presence in the reaction chamber of the enzymes and microorganisms necessary for the various stages, and said enzymes and microorganisms to be in an immobilized state in the reaction chamber. Certain processes have been proposed in which both an enzyme and a microorganism are present in the reaction chamber at the same time, for simultaneously carrying out two mutually different stages in a biochemical conversion reaction. Since in this cases, however, one has been concerned with batchwise processes, only low yields have been obtained, and it has been necessary upon completion of the reaction to try to separate the enzyme and the microorganism used from the reaction products. For the purpose of carrying out the various reaction stages continuously, methods of immobilizing each of the enzymes and microorganisms per se in mutually different kinds of carriers have also been proposed. One serious problem encountered when immobilizing enzymes is that enzymes have a relatively small molecular size, and hence they cannot readily be immobilized solely by adsorption or by entrapping them purely physical
REFERENCES:
patent: 3616229 (1971-10-01), Wildi et al.
patent: 3836433 (1974-09-01), Wirth et al.
patent: 3841971 (1974-10-01), Messing
patent: 3950222 (1976-04-01), Takasaki
patent: 3990944 (1976-11-01), Gauss et al.
patent: 4177107 (1979-12-01), Kumakura et al.
patent: 4245064 (1981-01-01), Drobnik et al.
Kierstan, M. et al., "The Immobilization of Microbial Cells, Subcellular Organelles, and Enzymes in Calcium Alginate Gels", Biotech. & Bioeng., vol. XIX, 1977, (pp. 387-397).
Hagerdal et al., The Direct Conversion of Cellobiose to Ethanol Using Bakers Yeast Co-Immobilized with Beta-Glucosidase, 27th IUPAC Congress, Helsinki, 1979, (p. 545).
Vieth, W. R. et al., "Enzyme Engineering Part II. Materials for Immobilized Enzyme Reactors", Chemtech, Jan. 1974, pp. 47-55.
Nilsson, H. et al., "The Use of Bead Polymerization of Acrylic Monomers for Immobilization of Enzymes", Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 268, pp. 253-256, (1972).
Hagerdal, B., "Ethanol Produced from Whey Permeate in a Reactor Composed of Co-Immobilized Lactase and Bakers Yeast Cells", Demonstration and Poster Paper Abstracts, Chemical Center, Lund, Nordforsk Seminar, May 13, 1980, No. 16.
Hagerdal Barbel G. R.
Mosbach Klaus H.
LandOfFree
Preparation of catalysts for biochemical conversion reactions does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Preparation of catalysts for biochemical conversion reactions, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Preparation of catalysts for biochemical conversion reactions will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-979783