Surgery – Blood drawn and replaced or treated and returned to body
Patent
1997-06-27
1999-05-04
Milano, Michael J.
Surgery
Blood drawn and replaced or treated and returned to body
A61M 3700
Patent
active
058998748
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Platelet transfusion is an often life-saving form of patient treatment, since platelets are required for normal hemostasis, i.e for bleedings from wounds to stop normally; on the other hand, platelets may appear in too small numbers due to certain diseases and/or treatments. Blood donors may be the source of platelet concentrates for transfusion in two principally different ways, one being conventional whole blood donation and the other being so called platelet apheresis by means of a blood cell separator.
With the objective to make the best possible use of the unique raw material, in modern transfusion medicine it is the routine worldwide that whole blood is separated into its main components, usually according to one of the systems first described by Professor Claes Homaan, M.D., Uppsala, Sweden. In these procedures platelets may be recovered either from the platelet rich plasma resulting from a first step of centrifugation, carried out at relatively few revolutions per minute, or from the so called buffy coat, which constitutes the top layer of blood particles after normal, harder centrifugation of the primary blood bag, in which case the supernatant plasma turns out to be virtually platelet-free.
Especially in Italy and in Sweden, a new important routine method has rapidly been established in order to satisfy the extremely great need for platelets in some hospitals, viz. so called pooling of 1-6 buffy coat preparations, including a small amount of accompanying erythrocytes and also a small volume of plasma, with the ensuing dilution with 250-300 ml of either standard saline solution or of a more complex solution containing carbohydrates and saline, followed by a final step of centrifugation low rotary speed for the elimination of erythrocytes and leukocytes from the platelet preparation.
Platelet apheresis is a procedure within transfusion medicine/blood banking, which has been well established for 10-15 years and which by use of a blood call separator makes it possible for one single donor in 60 to 90 minutes to put a full transfusion dosis of hemostatically active platelets to the disposition of a patient in need. This method of procurement has several advantages for the patient as compared with preparing a so to say pooled platelet concentrate from 4-8 whole blood units from conventional blood donation. Carried out professionally by means of blood cell separators of various kinds, platelet apheresis and similar, more frequently occurring plasmapheresis as plasma donation, are completely safe ventures.
However, platelet apheresis is an expensive procedure, particularly since the shelf-life of platelet concentrates--best stored at 20-24.degree. C. while mixed by rocking horizontally or rotation end over end at slow speed in special plastic bags permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide--at present is approximately 5, at the most 7 days. The high costs are also caused by the fact that the often strongly variable demands, combined with the requirements for an adequate stock-pile of platelets for emergencies, provoke a great degree of loss from outdating (e.g. in Malmo, Sweden, at a yearly cost of approximately SEK 200,000).
It has recently been demonstrated that the shelf-life of platelet concentrates may be virtually doubled by one single stroke, carried out as the (next to) last step during the preparation of pooled buffy coat concentrates by including acetate into the diluting platelet additive solution, in other words, acetic acid as the salt thereof, neutral or slightly alkaline sodium acetate. Apparently, added acetate can be used as a physiological source of energy in the so called tricarboxylic acid cycle of platelets. This system for the conversion of energy, also called Kreb's Cycle after its discoverer, is found in all living cells.
However, at variance with most other cells (stored), platelets lack the enzyme system, which can transform glucose to acetate for introduction into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Still, glucose is metabolized in a limited way, so called gl
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Milano Michael J.
Stiftelsen for Medicinsk-Teknisk Utveckling
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