Polyolefins and their functionalized derivatives

Details Polyolefins and their functionalized derivatives Polyolefins and their functionalized derivatives

1999-07-27

2000-10-17

McAvoy, Ellen M.

Solid anti-friction devices, materials therefor, lubricant or se

Lubricants or separants for moving solid surfaces and...

Organic cyano or isocyano compound

508496, 508500, 508501, 508545, 508558, 508561, 44384, 44388, 44391, 44412, 44434, 526237, 526348, 5263487, 585510, 585525, C10M13352, C10L 122, C08F 830, C08F 414

Patent

active

061332097

DESCRIPTION:

BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to monoolefinically unsaturated polyolefins and their functionalized derivatives and their use as fuel and lubricant additives or as additive concentrates.
Carburetors and intake systems of gasoline engines, as well as injection systems for metering fuel in gasoline and diesel engines, are increasingly being contaminated by impurities. The impurities are caused by dust particles from the air sucked in by the engine, hot exhaust gases from the combustion chamber, the crankcase vent gases passed into the carburetor and high boilers and stabilizers from the fuels.
These residues shift the air/fuel ratio during a cold start, during idling and in the lower part-load range so that the mixture is difficult to adjust and the combustion becomes more incomplete. As a result of this, the proportion of uncombusted or partially combusted hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas and the gasoline consumption increase.
It is known that fuel additives for keeping valves and carburetor or injection systems clean are used for avoiding these disadvantages (cf. for example: M. Rossenbeck in Katalysatoren, Tenside, Mineraloladditive, Editors J. Falbe, U. Hasserodt, page 223, G. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1978). Depending on the mode of action and preferred place of action of such detergent additives, a distinction is now made between two generations. The first generation of additives was able only to prevent the formation of deposits in the intake system but not to remove existing deposits. On the other hand, the additives of the second generation can prevent and eliminate deposits (keep-clean- and clean-up-effect). This is permitted in particular by their excellent heat stability in zones of relatively high temperature, in particular in the intake valves.
The molecular structure principle of these additives of the second generation which act as detergents is based on the linkage of polar structures with generally higher molecular weight, nonpolar or olephilic radicals. However, it has also been found that polyolefins themselves are suitable for this purpose, provided that they have suitable molecular weights.
Typical functionalized polyolefins are the polyalkyleneamines (cf. for example EP-A 244 616, EP-A 476 485, EP 539 821, WO 92/12221, WO 92/14806, WO 94/24231 or German patent 3,611,230). Also suitable are derivatives of these amines, for example the .beta.-aminonitriles of the general formula ##STR1## where R.sup.a is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having alkyl side groups and a number average molecular weight M.sub.N from 250 to 5000 and R.sup.b, R.sup.c and R.sup.d independently of one another, are each hydrogen or C.sub.l -C.sub.8 -alkyl or R.sup.b or R.sup.d is phenyl. Such compounds are described, for example, in EP-A 568 873.
Hydroxyl-functionalized polyolefins (cf. for example EP-A 277 345 and the literature cited there) and their derivatives which are obtainable by functionalization of the OH group are also suitable.
A further class of additives comprises the polyalkyl-substituted succinic anhydrides and their derivatives (cf. for example DE-A 27 02 604).
All derivatives mentioned are obtained by functionalization of polyolefins which also contain a reactive double bond. It has been found that polyolefins having molecular weights below 400 dalton and their functionalized derivatives have only small cleaning effects, whereas polyolefins having molecular weights above 1500 dalton and their derivatives tend to cause jamming of valves. A narrow molecular weight distribution of the polyolefins, characterized by a dispersity M.sub.W /M.sub.N <2 (ratio of weight average molecular weight M.sub.W to number average molecular weight M.sub.N), is advantageous since the higher molecular weight range is not so pronounced in the case of a low dispersity.
The prior art discloses that monoethylenically unsaturated polyolefins having molecular weights of from 400 to 1500 dalton and a dispersity down to a lower limit of 1.4 can be prepared by cationic polymerization. Even narrower molecular weight distribution

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