Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser – Synthetic resins – From phenol – phenol ether – or inorganic phenolate
Patent
1996-11-14
1998-09-22
Hampton-Hightower, P.
Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser
Synthetic resins
From phenol, phenol ether, or inorganic phenolate
528171, 528172, 528173, 528174, 528176, 528220, 528229, 528271, 528272, 528288, 528292, 528310, 528322, 528350, 528353, 359299, 385 2, 385 8, 385122, C08G 7316, C08G 63685
Patent
active
058115072
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to organic materials for application in linear optics and/or in nonlinear optics (LO, NLO). More precisely, it relates to polymers and copolymers containing ester and imide functional groups and including molecules (chromophores) capable of giving rise to nonlinear effects in optics, and to the processes for their manufacture.
The polymers with which the invention is concerned are of the type of those capable of being formed into films or guides for producing optical devices.
PRIOR ART
In the optical and optoelectronic applications of such polymer materials the fact which is exploited is that these macromolecules behave like transparent materials and/or like optically nonlinear materials.
On the macroscopic scale the optically linear or optically nonlinear behaviour of these materials is determined by the susceptibilities. The latter are directly related to the polarization of the material which is induced by an electromagnetic field E and governed by the following fundamental relationship: in the absence of an electromagnetic field, the material.
The coefficient .chi..sup.1 reflects the linear optical behaviour of the material.
Filters, polarizers and waveguides are examples of components employing polymers for their linear optical behaviour.
The coefficients .chi..sup.2 and .chi..sup.3 reflect, respectively, the activity in nonlinear optics of a nonlinear material of second and third order.
Materials which are active in nonlinear optics are generally used in active components of the modulator, directional coupler, optical flip-flop, photoconductive film and similar type. The activity of these polymer materials in nonlinear optics finds its source in the hyperpolarizable compounds (or chromophores) which they contain.
A chromophore is to be understood to mean any structural unit whose interaction with the electromagnetic field of light gives rise to the optical effect sought after. This effect may take place at resonant or nonresonant wavelengths. The activity of these chromophores in nonlinear optics is given by their hyper-polarizability. The latter is directly related to the molecular dipole moment by the following fundamental relationship: the absence of an electromagnetic field, respectively, coefficients.
The coefficient .alpha. is the polarizability coefficient of the chromophore molecule and reflects its activity in linear optics.
Coefficients .beta. and .gamma. represent the hyperpolarizability coefficients of the first and second order, respectively.
In order to understand better the specifications imposed on the nonlinear-optical (NLO) polymers it is appropriate to recall that linear waveguides consist of a number of layers of polymers deposited successively over one another on a substrate, for example by the known technique of spin coating.
The central layer, with the highest index, constitutes the guiding material. The lateral confinement of light in this central layer is produced by plotting a guide therein by techniques which are known to a person skilled in the art, like, for example, moulding, ion erosion or photobleaching. This last technique, which requires the guiding central layer to have a refractive index that can be modulated by irradiation with light, is preferred by a person skilled in the art. All this assumes that the polymers employed have an absorption and indices which are adjustable (preferably by photobleaching) and stable with time at the temperature of use and of the process.
For more ample details and explanations of the use of polymers for the manufacture of optical and opto-electronic waveguides, reference will be made to the work "Polymers for Lightwave and Integrated Optics", L. A. Hornak, M. Dekker ED., N.Y. (1992), or else the paper by C. C. Teng, Appl. Phys. Lett., 60 (13), 1538 (1992).
It is known, moreover, that in order to be active in NLO, which is equivalent to exhibiting a nonzero or even high nonlinear susceptibility of the first order, and therefore to be capable of being employed in opto-electronic compon
REFERENCES:
patent: 3179634 (1965-04-01), Edwards
patent: 3356648 (1967-12-01), Rogers
Xu et al., Macromolecules, 25, 1992, 6714-6715.
Sotoyama et al., Applied Phys. Lett., 64(17), 25 Apr. 1994, 2197-2199.
Chan You-Ping
Dickens Michael
Lecomte Jean-Pierre
Meyrueix Remi
Tapolsky Gilles
Flamel Technologies
Hampton-Hightower P.
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