Optical waveguides – Polarization without modulation
Reexamination Certificate
2001-05-04
2002-11-19
Lee, John D. (Department: 2874)
Optical waveguides
Polarization without modulation
C359S199200
Reexamination Certificate
active
06483958
ABSTRACT:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority of German patent applications DE10021835.0 and DE10021836.9 filed on May 6, 2000, DE10033821.6 filed on Jul. 12, 2000 and DE10035083.6 filed on Jul. 17, 2000.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention concerns a system to compensate for distortions caused by PMD in optical transmission systems and particularly transmission fibers.
Because every glass fiber is unintentionally double-refractive to some degree, light signals of various polarization run through glass fiber at diverse collective speeds. Therefore, light particles of diverse polarization reach the receiver at different times with respect to one another; this running time effect results in a spreading of the received signal and thus a reduction of transmission quality. In particular, this can lead to a rise in bit error rates.
Polarization mode dispersion includes all polarization-dependent running time effects, in which the signal spreading can be fully described by the spreading behavior of two mutually independent, orthogonally related polarization modes. Because double refraction is constantly changing through external influences such as temperature and mechanical load, and in addition depends on the wave length, there is permanent variation both in the position of the principal states of polarization (PSP) and in the running time difference between the PSPs. This is referred to also as second-order polarization mode dispersion.
The result of the aforementioned effects is a time-fluctuating wavelength-dependent PMD behavior with time constants on the order of minutes.
Distortions in transmission systems caused by polarization mode dispersion (PMD) must be compensated for high-speed data transmissions in order to maintain signal quality.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A system whereby such PMD-induced distortions can be compensated, must include a measuring device for the PMD-induced distortions. In addition there must be (at least) one emulation unit for adjustable PMD values and (at least) one adaptor element or polarization transformation element, to adjust PSPs of the signals from a transmission system to PSPs of the PMD emulation unit. The emulation unit and the polarization transformation element are driven by an analyzer and control unit that is connected to the output signal of the measuring device.
Although systems of this kind have often been proposed in the literature and especially in patent documents, so far no systems have been commercially available which would satisfy the practical demands on such a system.
The reason for this, on the one hand, is that in the past no measuring device for PMD-induced distortions has been available that was sufficiently rapid and simple enough in design. The exact design of the measuring device is the subject of a parallel application. A second reason for this situation is that there has been no emulation unit that can match the PMD of a real transmission fiber and particularly of a D-WDM fiber with the greatest possible exactitude. A special emulation unit, which can also be implemented with the present invention, is the subject of another parallel application.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention fulfills the requirement to provide a system for compensating PMD-induced distortions in optical transmission systems and particularly transmission fibers, which system will allow compensation of PMD-induced distortions in a manner that is rapid and adequate for practical use.
Solutions of this requirement by means of the invention are provided in the independent Patent Claims. Refinements of these solutions can be found in the related Claims.
Both the emulation unit and the measuring device for the PMD-induced distortions (singly or in combination) can be further developed in the context of the invention.
In one solution of the invention, which concerns the emulation unit, said unit includes a PMD-emulator, which also emulates second-order PMD and matches the PMD of a real transmission fiber with the greatest possible exactitude.
Such an emulation unit is described in the parallel patent application by the same applicant and indicates a system for compensating first-order dispersion. After running through this system, the light enters an element which twists the polarization principal axes before and behind the element by a particular angle to one another. The light signal emerging from this element is fed into a device consisting of a polarization splitter/combiner element, a delaying path, and another polarization splitter/combiner element for reuniting the two signal tracks. Thanks to this device, in addition to producing a first-order polarization mode dispersion, it is also possible to produce a second-order dispersion. It is especially advantageous that—on the basis of a system for compensating first-order dispersion—it is not even necessary to use additional components that would increase costs. Instead it is possible to produce, in line with this invention, a second-order polarization mode dispersion from the fact that the unused input connection of the second polarization splitter/combiner element serves as an input connection for the signal. This signal then runs through the delaying path and the first polarization splitter/combiner element in the opposite direction to the oncoming signal. At the fourth gate of the first polarization splitter/combiner element, this signal is then uncoupled. The uncoupled signal then shows the desired first- and second-order polarization mode dispersion.
A particular advantage, however, is the use of an emulation unit for adjustable PMD values, which has at least one delaying line, which is contacted by the input signal for at least one polarization control element unit. In particular, the emulation unit can preferably include several polarization adjustment element units. It is also preferable to stagger the delay periods between successive polarization adjustment element units to approach binary intervals.
With the PMD emulator of this invention, the PMD-induced distortions of one or more transmission channels can be compensated.
In another solution of the objective addressed by this invention, to create a measurement device for PMD-induced distortions, the device is designed so that it optically detects the PMD directly or by way of the detection of polarization conditions in one or more transmission channels of the transmission system. On the basis of this design, it is possible in particular that the output signal of the measuring device serves as an actual signal for the control of the emulation unit or, with multi-channel detection, for the control of several emulation units and of the superposed polarization transformation elements.
Here it is particularly advantageous if the measuring device, in addition to the optical registration, has at least one optoelectric transformer and at least one filter, which filters the output signal of the transformer, and that the filter's output signal as another actual signal is connected to the analyzer and control unit or to a drive unit that is independent of the analyzer and control unit for one or more polarization transformation elements.
In every case, however, the control values for the polarization transformation elements, as defined on the basis of the measurement, are adjusted or regulated so that a control according to the trial-and-error principle, as used in the current technological status, can be omitted.
Here it is also most advantageous, again in the sense of an independent solution, if the one or more polarization transformation elements have as many as three or more polarization control elements or polarization-affecting elements, which guide the control and analyzer unit or the drive unit on the basis of the output signal of the measuring device. In particular, every polarization control element unit can have at least one polarization-affecting element, which exerts a mechanical effect on the fibers or otherwise influences the polarization.
The influence on polarization can, for instance, occur
Bandemer Adalbert
Krause Egbert
Knauss Scott A
Lee John D.
St. Onge Steward Johnston & Reens LLC
Tektronix Munich
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