Peptide derivatives

Details Peptide derivatives Peptide derivatives

1997-02-20

2002-09-17

Phillips, William N. (Department: 1631)

Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins;

Peptides of 3 to 100 amino acid residues

Insulin; related peptides

C514S003100

Reexamination Certificate

active

06451970

ABSTRACT:

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority of Danish application 0188/96 filed Feb. 21, 1996, the contents of which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel derivatives of naturally occurring insulins and analogues thereof which derivatives are soluble and have a protracted profile of action, to methods of providing such derivatives, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to the use of such derivatives in the treatment of diabetes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many diabetic patients are treated with multiple daily insulin injections in a regimen comprising one or two daily injections of a protracted insulin to cover the basal requirement supplemented by bolus injections of a rapid acting insulin to cover the requirement related to meals.
Protracted insulin compositions are well known in the art. Thus, one main type of protracted insulin compositions comprises injectable aqueous suspensions of insulin crystals or amorphous insulin. In these compositions, the insulin compounds utilized typically are protamine insulin, zinc insulin or protamine zinc insulin.
Certain drawbacks are associated with the use of insulin suspensions. Thus, in order to secure an accurate dosing, the insulin particles must be suspended homogeneously by gentle shaking before a defined volume of the suspension is withdrawn from a vial or expelled from a cartridge. Also, for the storage of insulin suspensions, the temperature must be kept within more narrow limits than for insulin solutions in order to avoid lump formation or coagulation.
While it was earlier believed that protamines were non-immunogenic, it has now turned out that protamines can be immunogenic in man and that their use for medical purposes may lead to formation of antibodies (Samuel et al., Studies on the immunogenicity of protamines in humans and experimental animals by means of a micro-complement fixation test, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 33, pp. 252-260 (1978)).
Also, evidence has been found that the protamine-insulin complex is itself immunogenic (Kurtz et al., Circulating IgG antibody to protamine in patients treated with protamine-insulins. Diabetologica 25, pp. 322-324 (1983)). Therefore, with some patients the use of protracted insulin compositions containing protamines must be avoided.
Another type of protracted insulin compositions are solutions having a pH value below physiological pH from which the insulin will precipitate because of the rise in the pH value when the solution is injected. A drawback is that the solid particles of the insulin act as a local irritant causing inflammation of the tissue at the site of injection.
WO 91/12817 (Novo Nordisk A/S) discloses protracted, soluble insulin compositions comprising insulin complexes of cobalt (III). The protraction of these complexes is only intermediate and the bioavailability is reduced.
Human insulin has three primary amino groups: the N-terminal group of the A-chain and of the B-chain and the &egr;-amino group of LysB
29
. Several insulin derivatives which are substituted in one or more of these groups are known in the prior art. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 3,528,960 (Eli Lilly) relates to N-carboxyaroyl insulins in which one, two or three primary amino groups of the insulin molecule has a carboxyaroyl group. No specifically N
&egr;B29
-substituted insulins are disclosed.
According to GB Patent No. 1,492,997 (Nat. Res. Dev. Corp.), it has been found that insulin with a carbamyl substitution at N
&egr;B29
has an improved profile of hypoglycaemic effect.
JP laid-open patent application No. 1-254699 (Kodama Co., Ltd.) discloses insulin wherein an alkanoyl group is bound to the amino group of Phe
B1
or to the &egr;-amino group of Lys
B29
or to both of these. The stated purpose of the derivatisation is to obtain a pharmacologically acceptable, stable insulin preparation.
Insulin analogues, which in the B30 position have an amino acid having at least five carbon atoms which cannot necessarily be coded for by a triplet of nucleotides, are described in JP laid-open patent application No. 57-067548 (Shionogi). The insulin analogues are claimed to be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, particularly in patients who are insulin resistant due to generation of bovine or swine insulin antibodies.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,030 (Ekwuribe, Protein Delivery, Inc.) describes conjugation-stabilized polypeptide compositions for oral or parenteral administration comprising a polypeptide covalently coupled with a polymer including a linear polyalkylene moiety and a lipophilic moiety, said moieties being arranged so relative to each other that the polypeptide has an enhanced in vivo resistance to enzymatic degradation.
EP 511600 A2 relates i.a. to protein derivatives of the formula [protein] [Z]
n
wherein [protein] represents a protein having n amino residues each derivable from an amino group by removal of one of its hydrogen atoms, instead of amino groups, [Z] is a residue represented by the formula —CO—W—COOH wherein W is a divalent long chain hydrocarbon group which may also contain certain hetero atoms and n represents an average of the number of amide bonds between [Z] and [protein]. It is mentioned that the protein derivatives of the invention have an extremely prolonged serum half-life as compared with the proteins from which they are derived and that they exhibit no antigenicity. It is also mentioned, that insulin is one of the proteins from which derivatives according to the invention can be made, but no specific insulin derivatives are disclosed in EP 511600 nor is there any indication of a preferred [Z] or (a) preferred position(s) in which [Z] should be introduced in order to obtain useful insulin derivatives.
WO 95/07931 (Novo Nordisk A/S) discloses insulin derivatives in which the amino acid at position B30 is (a) a non-codable lipophilic amino acid having from 10 to 24 carbon atoms in which case the &egr;-amino group of Lys
b29
has a lower acyl substituent or (b) any codable amino acid, in which case the &egr;-amino group of LysB
29
has a lipophilic substituent or (c) deleted, in which case the &egr;-amino group of Lys
B29
has a lipophilic substituent. The insulin derivatives are soluble at physiological pH values and have a protracted profile of action.
By “insulin derivative” as used herein is meant a peptide having a molecular structure similar to that of human insulin including the disulphide bridges between Cys
A7
and Cys
B7
and between Cys
A20
and Cys
B19
and an internal disulphide bridge between Cys
A6
and Cys
A11
, and which has insulin activity. When the amino acid at position B1 is deleted, the position of the remaining amino acids of the B-chain are not renumbered.
Despite the many improvements already made in the field there still is a need for novel protracted injectable insulin compositions which are solutions and contain insulins which stay in solution after injection and possess minimal inflammatory and immunogenic properties.
One object of the present invention is to provide insulin derivatives soluble at physiological pH values and having a protracted profile of action.
Another object of the present invention is to provide insulin derivatives which have a long disappearance half-life from the injection site after subcutaneous injection.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising the insulin derivatives according to the invention.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a non-immunogenic insulin derivative.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a method of making the insulin derivatives of the invention.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a method of treating diabetes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Surprisingly, it has turned out that certain derivatives of naturally occurring insulins and insulin analogues wherein the amino group of the N-terminal amino acid of the B-chain and/or the &eg

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