Acoustics – Diaphragm
Reexamination Certificate
2000-04-04
2002-10-08
Nappi, Robert E. (Department: 2837)
Acoustics
Diaphragm
C181S172000, C181S163000, C381S423000, C381S431000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06460651
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to loud speakers and in particular to the construction of passive radiators in closed loud speaker systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A goal of sound reproduction equipment is to provide a life-like sound quality to the listener. Life-like sound quality is understood to be best achieved when a sound system including the speakers have a flat frequency response curve throughout the range of sound frequencies audible to the human ear, generally 20 to 20,000 Hz. A normal speaker cabinet has an electro magnetically driven speaker cone sealed to an opening in the wall of a sealed cabinet. This arrangement provides a drooping frequency response curve (e.g.,
22
in the graph
20
of FIG.
1
).
The graph
20
of
FIG. 1
represents a comparison of sound level verses frequency (i.e., frequency response). The plot
22
shows the drooping response for a closed cabinet system. Over the years, in an effort to improve sound quality low, mid, and high range speakers have been placed in separate cabinets or compartments. Each of those separate cabinets or compartments could then be tuned by creating ports with or without tubes in them into the cabinet to improve the frequency response. At low frequencies, the use of open ports or open ports and tubes into the speaker cabinet becomes unmanageable because of the large amount of air mass that needs to be moved to provide adequate tuning. As an example, an ideal cabinet size to hear low frequencies might be larger than the room in which the listener was sitting. In an effort to offset the effects of a rigid sealed cabinet and avoid the spatial requirements necessary when attempting to create ports or tube ports with speakers at low frequencies, passive radiators (generally configured like speakers, but without the electro mechanical driver) have been placed in a secondary opening of the walls of the speaker cavity to reduce the drop-off of the loudness at low frequencies. An example of the improvement in the frequency response when such a passive radiator is installed is shown as plot
24
in FIG.
1
. An example of the improvement in the frequency response attributable to the installation of a prior art passive radiator can be understood by reviewing plot
26
in FIG.
2
. Note that the drop in the frequency response curve at lower frequencies in plot
26
is very severe before the range of inaudible frequencies
28
is reached. In this configuration, AREA
2
, the area under the curve to the right of the peak above a minimum loudness level is larger than AREA
1
which is the area under the curve to the left of the peak. This imbalance is indicative of the relative distortion that can be heard as the loudness of the passive radiator nosedives and falls below an audible loudness. The low frequency loudness and energy are not balanced with the high frequency loudness and energy. The area under the curves provide a measure of the imbalance. Recent trends in the audio systems market have been leaning towards enhancing the bass or sub-woofer response of the audio reproduction systems, so that even if a sound is below the low limit of the range of audible sound, the sound level is high so that the listener, although he or she cannot “hear” the sound in their ears, they can “feel” the sound as parts of their body are hit by the low frequency waves. At low frequencies, a limitation of passive radiators has been that the low frequencies require large displacements of the moveable radiator elements. Such large displacements can exceed the available range of motion of moveable radiator elements. For example, in
FIGS. 4
,
5
, and
6
, a speaker spider
62
at its perimeter is attached to the back end of a speaker basket
50
while the spider's center edge (or core) it is attached to the back end of a speaker cone
58
or a diaphragm
68
to spider
72
connection element
74
. In each pictured radiator, a central moveable element is suspended by a speaker “surround” (
52
,
70
,
84
) which acts as the flexible element between the stationary front of the speaker basket (
50
,
66
,
80
) and the speaker moveable element. Because the range of travel available from each spider (
62
,
72
,
88
) is less than the range of travel available from the surround (
52
,
70
,
84
), as the spider (
62
,
72
,
88
) reaches the limit of its travel and stops. The sudden stop in the movement of the spider due to its full extensions causes distortions in adjacent components as well as in the pressure gradients in the speaker chamber. These distortions can be heard as static and/or unnatural discontinuities in the sound. The ratio of the speaker basket back opening “B” (which supports the spider) to the speaker basket front opening “A” (which supports the surround) is approximately 0.5 (or 50%).
In the instance when a passive radiator constructed solely of a speaker cone is connected only as its peripheral rim to a annular support surface in the wall of a speaker, for example, as shown in the Klasco, U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,963, a larger range of travel is available to accommodate large movable element displacements experienced at high volumes at low frequencies. However, the use of a surround around the perimeter of the top of the cone and the cone shape produces cone wobble which also distorts the sound. The object of the Klasco patent was to arrange active elements to reduce the wobble in the passive radiator.
In the instance where a lone speaker cone suspended in a cavity opening is used, the response of the passive radiator during low frequency cycles as the cone is forced outward and pulled inward can be non-linear as the flexible member (surround) holding the cone tends to have different non-linear force to displacement characteristics when being stretched outwardly as compared to when it is being stretched inwardly.
The limitations on travel as shown in the prior art described in
FIGS. 4
,
5
and
6
and the wobble of a passive radiator as discussed in the Klasco patent and such a configuration's non-linearity, highlight the shortcomings of the prior art passive radiators.
The spatial requirement of the prior art passive radiators is also a drawback. The prior art passive radiators are quite large and bulky and extend a large distance into any sealed cavity. This spatial requirement must be taken into account when designing features and companion speakers to fit into the sealed cavity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment according to the invention overcomes the drawbacks of the prior art by providing a generally linear response by configuring two speaker surrounds opposite one another so that any non-linearities in the spring constant between an outward displacements versus an inward displacement are generally cancelled and a pseudo linear spring constant is developed throughout the central range of travel of the passive radiator moveable elements.
In an embodiment according to the invention an inner surround encircles and has an inner edge fixed to the perimeter of an inner center member which is generally a flat disk and may be a flat disk diaphragm. The arch of the surround between the inner edge and the perimeter edge of the inner surround extends in a first direction. An outer surround encircling and having an inner edge fixed to the perimeter of an outer center member is configured so that its arch extends in a second direction which is opposite the first direction. A connection member or mass is fixed to and between the inner center members and the outer center member causes the two to move together and in parallel. The connection member may be a specially sized mass to tune the passive radiator for resonance at a particular frequency.
Variations of embodiments according to the invention include using a ratio of the size of the inner center member to the outer center member or outer center member to the inner center member of between 0.8 and 1, the calculation of the ratio will be such that the ratio will always be 1 or less. Another embodiment provides the inner central member and outer central m
Allston L. Jones
Martin Elgardo San
Nappi Robert E.
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