Aeronautics and astronautics – Aircraft structure – Ice prevention
Reexamination Certificate
1999-10-25
2002-03-12
Barefoot, Galen L. (Department: 3644)
Aeronautics and astronautics
Aircraft structure
Ice prevention
C060S039093
Reexamination Certificate
active
06354538
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improvement in anti-icing systems for aircraft jet engine propulsion systems and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to an improved method and arrangement for a swirling anti-icing system for an inlet of an aircraft jet engine which provides for improved mixing of the injected hot gas and enhanced pumping of the air within such inlet.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Safety is a primary concern in the design of power propulsion systems for aircraft applications. The formation of ice on aircraft wings, propellers, air inlets of engines, etc. has been a problem since the earliest days of heavier-than-air flight. Any accumulated ice adds considerable weight, and changes the airfoil or inlet configuration making the aircraft much more difficult to fly and in some cases has caused loss of aircraft. In the case of jet aircraft, large pieces of ice breaking loose from the leading edge of an engine inlet housing can severely damage rotating turbine blades or other internal engine components and cause engine failure.
Many attempts have been made to overcome the problems and dangers of aircraft icing. The inlet area of nacelles for aircraft propulsion systems have been the focus of a significant amount of research and development within the aircraft industry. For example, proposals have been made, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,135,119 to mechanically vibrate external surfaces to break ice loose or, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,549,964, to generate electro-magnetic pulses in the aircraft skin to break ice loose. These systems, however tend to be heavy and complex and to only remove existing ice, rather than prevent ice formation.
Heating areas of the aircraft prone to icing has been suggested many times. The heating schemes suggested range from microwave heating as suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 4,060,212 to feeding hot gases through holes in the skin, as suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,431, to resistance heating of the surfaces, as in U.S. Pat. No. 1,819,497, to actually burning fuel adjacent to ice-prone surfaces, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,680,345. While each of these methods have some advantages none had been truly effective.
One of the most common anti-icing techniques has been the ducting of hot gases into a housing adjacent to the likely icing area. Typical of the patents describing such hot gas techniques are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,057,154; 3,925,979; 3,933,327 and 4,250,250. In each case, the hot gas conduits simply dump hot gases into a housing, such as the leading edge of a jet engine housing or a wing leading edge. While often useful, these systems are not fully effective due to the complexity of the hot gas duct system.
A typical design for a transport aircraft engine nose cowl ice protection system was the double skin, spray bar configuration which employed an annular duct installed within the nose cowl “D-duct” space. Hot air jets issuing from small orifices, or piccolo holes, on the spray tube were directed onto the entrance into the D-duct into double skin passages along the upper and lower lip surfaces, away from the high-light portion of the nose lip. Hot air was then forced to flow through narrow gaps between the outside skin and the inner skin, transferring heat to the outer skin. While some heat effectiveness was achieved by the double skin design it was at the expense of high manufacturing cost and weight penalty, associated with the required chem-milling process to produce the inner skin and to provide the spray tube arrangement.
A substantial advance in anti-icing systems was made in U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,745 entitled “Swirl Anti-Ice System” and issued to Rosenthal. This patent provided for the circulation of heated gases within the circular leading edge of a jet engine housing in a rotational swirling motion to prevent ice build up thereon. Hot gas, such as air from a hot, high pressure section of the jet engine was directed to the D-duct inlet interior through a conduit that enters the annular leading edge housing through a bulkhead closure. The conduit is then turned about 90° to a direction tangential to the center line of the leading edge annulus. The hot gases exiting an injection nozzle provided as an outlet of such conduit entrain the cooler air in the circular leading edge and cause the much larger mass of air to swirl circularly around the interior of the D-duct of the annular housing. The entering hot gas heats the mass of air to an intermediate but still relatively hot temperature which then uniformly transfers heat to the skin of the leading edge without leaving any relatively cold areas and preventing the formation of ice on the inlet lip. A fraction of entrained heated air equal to the flow rate of injected hot gas is exhausted from such housing.
While this anti-icing system represented a significant advancement over the prior art and has been widely accepted in the aircraft industry, there are areas of the system that could be improved. It has been found that as the jet nozzle injects a flow of under-expanded hot air into the annular nose cowl or nose lip of the inlet that the complete mixing of the two masses of air is somewhat delayed during the rotational swirling action and results in a “hot spot” or area of elevated temperature on the outer lip skin of the nose lip at a position downstream of such injection. This area of elevated temperature in the noselip then presents a constraint in the design of an anti-icing system according to teachings of such patent since such design must take into account such actual conditions such as a day having an elevated ambient temperature, a low altitude location for the aircraft that is to take-off, a high engine power setting, and a failure to an open position of an anti-ice valve provided in the conduit supplying hot gas from the engine as required.
Thus, there is a continuing need to improve aircraft engine housing icing prevention and to particularly improve the anti-icing system of U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,745 by enhancing the mixing of the injected hot gas and the mass of swirling air contained within the D-duct noselip of an aircraft jet engine housing and to improve the performance of the anti-icing system and to lessen design constraints imposed by the area of elevated temperature in the nose lip downstream of the point of injection of the hot gas.
It is a general object of this invention to provide an improved swirling rotational anti-icing system for the nose cowl of a transport aircraft jet engine which enhances the mixing of injected hot, high pressure gas with the larger mass of air within the nose cowl.
It is a further general object of this invention to improve the mixing of hot, pressure gas with the mass of air within the nose cowl and thereby materially reduce any tendency for the injection of such hot, high pressure gas to create an area of elevated temperature in the nose lip at a position downstream of the injection of such hot gas under severe design conditions.
A further general object of the invention is to enhance the pumping action that the injected hot gas has on the ambient air within the nose cowl.
A still further general object is to enhance the circumferential uniformity of noselip temperature and noselip heat rejection to improve the anti-icing efficiency and to prevent ice accumulation on the exterior of the noselip upstream of the point of hot gas injection.
Another general object of the invention is to enable reduction in the noselip cross sectional area and to thereby increase the effectiveness of engine noise attenuation by the inlet by permitting a greater area of sound attenuating structure to be used in the inner barrel of the air inlet.
The foregoing has outlined some of the more pertinent objects of the invention. These objects should be construed to be merely illustrative of some of the more prominent features and application of the intended invention. Many other beneficial results can be attained by applying the disclosed invention in a different manner or by modifying
Baker & Botts LLP
Barefoot Galen L.
Rohr Inc.
Schlesinger Patrick J.
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