Compositions: coating or plastic – Coating or plastic compositions – Proteinaceous material containing
Reexamination Certificate
2000-03-28
2002-08-27
Brunsman, David (Department: 1755)
Compositions: coating or plastic
Coating or plastic compositions
Proteinaceous material containing
C106S128100, C156S336000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06440204
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to natural materials which can be used as adhesives and binders. Natural carbohydrate and protein materials are used as binders and adhesives in a variety of applications. Carbohydrate materials, and in particular starches, are well known for use as components of adhesive compositions such as corrugating adhesives for paper and paperboard. A particularly useful corrugating adhesive comprises starch which is cooked in the presence of borax and caustic.
Starches are also used as binders in the paper industry in applications such as binders for light weight coatings. Cationic starches are also known to be useful as wet-end adhesives in paper manufacture. In addition, starch is known for use as a component in composite compositions such as those of Anderson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,764 and Anderson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,450 which comprise combinations of starch, fiber and calcium carbonate or other minerals.
Gums including alginates, gellan, locust bean and xanthan gum are known to provide particularly useful adhesive and binding properties at low concentrations when used in a variety of applications. Gums are particularly useful as binders in food compositions and particularly in composite food compositions.
Proteins provide excellent performance as adhesives and as binders in a number of applications but are reserved for use in certain specialized applications because they are generally more expensive than starches. Typical protein adhesives and glues include animal glues produced from collagen found in animal skin, connective tissue and bone. Fish glues made from the skin of fish such as cod also comprise collagen but with a lower molecular weight than other animal collagen. Casein protein is particularly useful in glues and in coatings for paperboard, plywood, door and furniture assembly because of the high adhesive strength which it provides. Glues produced from soy protein are useful as interior plywood glues, laminating glue for wood, door assembly, furniture assembly and other wood bonding applications. Blood proteins derived as byproducts of the meat industry also provide excellent adhesive properties and are used as adhesives in the manufacture of plywood and as bonding materials in sea foods such as surimi.
Potato plant tubers referred to herein as potatoes comprise several structures. Of these structures, the following make up the core from the center of the potato out: the pith, the vascular storage area, the vascular ring, followed by the so-called peel portion which consists of a cortex and a periderm. Approximate analysis of the entire white potato indicates about 77% water and solids of about 23%. Of the solids percentage, roughly 15% is starch and 2% is protein. The protein is located between the cortex and the periderm peel layer. In the processing of potatoes for food or industrial uses it is frequently desired to separate the potato peel from the heart of the potato, in order to make use of the substantially pure starch. The starch may be partially or completely gelatinized such that the peel is only weakly bound to the heart of the potato. Potato peel waste is thus produced as a byproduct in the processing of potatoes for food uses such as the manufacture of french fries, potato chips and in the processing of potatoes for industrial uses.
According to one method of processing potatoes to remove the potato skin, steam is directed against the exterior of potatoes such that the layer of starch immediately adjacent the potato peel is partially or completely gelatinized. The potato is then subjected to mechanical processing such that the peel with a layer of partially or completely gelatinized starch is separated from the heart of the potato which is then subjected to further processing. The resulting potato peel product comprises mostly water with the balance made up of gelatinized and ungelatinized starch, protein, fiber and ash. Prior to its disposal or other use the potato peel product is frequently combined with other waste streams containing byproducts of potato processing. Such streams of what is sometimes known as potato “trim waste” contain potato trimmings and other byproducts of potato production. As such, the trim waste typically comprises relatively higher levels of starch (and where fryer waste from french fry production is combined, fat) and relatively lower levels of protein and fiber than does peel waste.
Whether or not the potato peel product includes potato trim waste, the potato peel waste product has little commercial value because it comprises a heterologous mixture of water, protein, fiber and starch. As a result potato peel products are usually disposed of as waste or are used as a liquid supplement to animal feed. Because the potato peel product can be costly to dispose of as waste and is expensive to transport and provides only marginal economic value when used as animal feed, there remains a desire in the art for new applications for potato peel products.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based on the discovery that potato peel products such as derived from potato peel waste or potato peel waste in combination with potato trim waste are characterized by particularly useful properties as adhesives and binders in a variety of industrial and food product uses. Other uses for the potato peel products of the invention include use in oil well drilling mud, soy based adhesive coatings used in coated fine paper and in wet-end papermaking applications to increase bonding in brown paperboard. Potato peel products useful according to the invention can be derived in any of a variety of manners but are preferably potato peel waste such as produced by steam peeling potatoes. Alternatively, potato peel products useful according to the invention can be potato peel waste combined with potato trim waste and other materials.
While starches and certain proteins are known to be useful as adhesives and binders in various applications it has been found that the specific combination of gelatinized starch, ungelatinized starch, protein and fiber making up potato peel waste is characterized by particularly useful adhesive and binding properties. This is particularly the case when the potato peel products comprise potato starch which has not been completely gelatinized and those products are heated under conditions selected to complete gelatinization of the starch during setting of the adhesive or binder material.
Among other uses, the potato peel products of the invention may be used as adhesives and as binders in edible and non-edible composite materials. According to one aspect of the invention a non-edible composite material is provided which comprises a non-edible substrate and a binder wherein said binder comprises a potato peel product characterized on a dry solids basis by at least 30% starch, at least 5% protein and at least 2% fiber. Preferred potato peel products according to the invention comprise greater than 40%, more preferably greater than 50% and most preferably 55% to 65% starch on a dry solids basis; and from 2% to 20% fiber with 4% to 20% being preferred. Protein is preferably present at dry solids levels of from 5% to 30% with concentrations of 10% to 25% being particularly preferred.
Non-edible composite materials of the invention can comprise non-edible substrate materials including but not limited to mineral particles such as calcium carbonate, wood particles and fiber and paper fiber. Representative composite materials using potato peel products as binders according to the invention include materials such as gypsum wall board, acoustical tile, particle board and packaging materials.
The invention also provides a method of producing a non-edible composite material comprising a substrate and a binder wherein said binder comprises a potato peel product characterized on a dry solids basis by at least 30% starch wherein said starch is not completely gelatinized, at least 5% protein and at least 2% fiber to form a mixture; and heating said mixture under condition
Rogols Saul
Sirovatka Denise M.
Widmaier Robert G.
Brunsman David
Marshall Gerstein & Borun
Penford Corporation
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