Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser – Synthetic resins – Treating polymer containing material or treating a solid...
Patent
1998-06-18
2000-08-15
Truong, Duc
Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser
Synthetic resins
Treating polymer containing material or treating a solid...
528458, 528491, 428402, 427212, 75331, 75332, C08F 612, C08J 314, B32B 100
Patent
active
061038687
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to metal and metal alloy nanocrystals. In one of its more particular aspects, this invention relates to organically-functionalized monodisperse nanocrystals of metals and metal alloys and methods of preparation thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Preparations for nanoparticle metal and metal oxide hydrosols are known. The myriad methods for preparing these particles include, but are not limited to: (1) the synthesis of colloidal dispersions of various transition metals (Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Os, Au, Ag, Fe, Co, and the like) in aqueous media, stabilized by added polymers as protective colloids; (2) the synthesis of ultrasmall metal oxide particles by the combination of water and metal chlorides, hydroxides, or acetates, in aqueous media; (3) the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles by the reduction of Ag+ in aqueous media; (4) the formation of colloidal silver and gold in aqueous media by ultrasonic radiation; (5) the formation of colloidal gold in aqueous media by the reduction of a gold salt; and (6) the formation of colloidal platinum and palladium in aqueous media by synthetic routes analogous to those for preparing gold colloids. The fabrication of large metal cluster complexes with various stoichiometries and ligands (e.g. M.sub.55 L.sub.12 Cl.sub.x, M=Rh, Ru, Pt, Au; L=PR.sub.3, AsR.sub.3 ; x=6, 20; R=Ph, t-Bu) is also known.
Nanometer-scale crystallites of various metals and non-metals have received a great deal of attention in the past decade. For such crystallites, the electronic, thermodynamic, and chemical properties depend sensitively on size, shape, and surface composition; therefore, these materials have been marked for a number of technological applications ranging from chemical catalysis, photoelectronics, film growth seeding, electronic materials, reprography, xerography, electron microscopy, and others. A major challenge to this field in general and a great barrier to actualizing such applications of these novel particles is the complete control over particle size, morphology, and surface structure. The preparation and isolation of crystallites characterized by well-defined surface compositions, narrow size distributions, and uniform shape is paramount to their success as applied materials. In addition, most of these applications require that the particles be dispersible into some solvent, polymer, or other matrix as a monodisperse (non-aggregated) colloid, and that they exhibit various chemical and thermal stabilities. Metal particles involved in these various technologies include ferromagnetic materials (e.g. Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, Co), noble metals (Pd, Pt), coinage metals (Au, Ag), alloys of these metals (e.g. Co.sub.x Au.sub.y), oxides of these metals (e.g. Ag.sub.2 O), and others.
To date, there are only a few reports concerning the preparation of organically-functionalized metal nanoparticles. However, the products synthesized in these reports are marred by some or all of the following characteristics: 1) the resulting materials are x-ray amorphous (non-crystalline); 2) the resulting materials have poor surface compositions; 3) the resulting materials have poor solubility in aqueous and organic media; and 4) the resulting materials have broad relative size distributions (mean diameter .+-.50%). For example, organically-functionalized gold nanocrystals limited to certain "average" sizes, characterized by broad size distributions, and which are not soluble in aqueous media have been disclosed.
BRIEF STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION
The nanocrystal products of the present invention avoid the previously discussed problems. The "as prepared" spherical nanoparticles are crystalline and are characterized by narrow relative size distributions (as low as .+-.10%). More importantly, however, is the fact that they are functionalized with well-defined organic groups covalently bound to the particle surface. These organic functional groups may be altered both chemically and with respect to percent coverage on the surface. Such chemistry is tremendously useful in t
REFERENCES:
patent: 4152303 (1979-05-01), Cohen et al.
patent: 5585457 (1996-12-01), Newkome et al.
patent: 5620584 (1997-04-01), Reetz et al.
Dagani, R. Chem. Eng. News 1992, Nov. 23 (Nanostructured Materials Promise to Advance Range of Technologies).
Bahnemann, D.W. Isr. J. Chem. 1993, 33, 115.
Bawendi, M.G.; Steigerwald, M.L.; Brus, L.E. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1990, 41, 477.
Bonneman, H.; Brijous, W.; Brinkmann, R.; Fretzen, R.; Joussen, T.; Koppler, R.; Korall, B.; Neiteler, P.; Richter, J. J. Mol. Catal. 1994, 86, 129.
Bonneman, H.; Brijoux, W.; Brinkmann, R.; Dinjs, E.; Joussen, T.; Korall, B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312.
Brust, M.; Find, J.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D.J.; Kiely, D. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 1655.
Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D.J.; Whyman, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 802.
Colvin, V.L.; Schlamp, M.C.; Alivisatos, A.P. Nature 1994, 370, 354.
Drake, J.A.G., Ed. Chemical Technology in Printing and Imaging Systems; The Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge, 1993.
Hair, M., Croucher, M.D., Eds. Colloids and Surfaces in Reprographic Technology; A.C.S. Symposium Series No. 200; American Chemical Society; Washington, D.C. 1982.
Hamilton, J.F.; Baetzold, R.C. Science 1979, 205, 1213.
Hayat, M.A., Ed. Colloidal Gold; Principles, Methods, and Applications, vol. 1; Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, CA, 1989.
Heath, J.R., Science, 1995, 1315-1316.
Heath, J.R.; Gates, S.M.; Chess, C.A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994, 64, 3569.
Henglein, A. Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 1861.
Henglein, A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1988, 143, 113.
Hirai, H.; Yukimichi, N.; Toshima, N. J. Macromol. Sci.-Chem. 1979, A13(6), 727.
Hoffman, AlJ.; Mills, G.; Yee, H.; Hoffman, M.R.J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 5546.
Kapoor, K.; Lawless, D.; Kennepohl, P.; Meisel, D.; Serpone, N. Langmuir 1994, 10, 3018.
Kastner, M.A. Physics Today 1993, 46(1), 24.
Leff, D.V., Brandt, L., Heath, J.R., Langmuir,1996, 12, 4723-4730.
Leff, D.V., Ohara, C., Heath, J.R., Gelbart, W.M., J.Phys.Chem, 1994, 7036-7041.
Leff, D.V.; Ohara, P.C.; Heath, J.R. Gelbart, W.H. J. Phy. Chem. 1995, 99, 7036.
Longenberger, L.; Mills, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 475.
Markowitz, M.A.; Chow, G.; Singh, A. Langmuir 1994, 10, 4095.
Meguro, K., Nakamura, Y., Hayashi, Y., Torizuka, M., Esumi, K., Chem Soc. Japan, 1988, 347-350.
Meguro, K.; Torizuka, M.; Esumi, K.. Bull Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341.
Nagata, Y.; Watananabe, Y.; Fujita, S.; Dohmaru, T.; Taniguchi, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1621.
Ohara, P.C., Leff, D. V., Heath, J.R., Gelbart, W.M., Am. Phy. Sci, 1995, 3466-3469.
Rampino, L.D.; Nord, F. F.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 2745.
Schmid, G. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 1709.
Bonnemann et al. Formation of Colloidal Transition Metals in Organic Phases and Their Application in Catalysis; VCH: Weinheim, 1991.
Shiang, J.J., Arnold, C.C., Leff, D.V., Wolters, R.H., Heath, J.R., Chem. Physics of Fullerenes; 1996, 461-473.
Tanford, C. The Hydrophobic Effect: Formation of Micelles and Biological Membranes; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, NY 1980.
Torigoe, K., Esumi, K., Langmuir, 1992, 8, 59-63.
Turkevich, J.; Kim, G. Science 1970, 169, 873.
Vergaftik, M.N.; Noiseev, I.I.; Kochubey, D.I.; Zanaraev, K.I., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Discuss. 1991, 92, 13.
Wang, Y.; Herron, N. . Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 525.
Yeung, S.A.; Hobson, R.; Biggs, S.; Grieser, F. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1993, 378.
Heath James R.
Leff Daniel V.
The Regents of the University of California
Truong Duc
LandOfFree
Organically-functionalized monodisperse nanocrystals of metals does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Organically-functionalized monodisperse nanocrystals of metals, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Organically-functionalized monodisperse nanocrystals of metals will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-2008103