Optical waveguides – Optical fiber waveguide with cladding – Utilizing multiple core or cladding
Reexamination Certificate
2001-10-29
2003-01-14
Bovernick, Rodney (Department: 2874)
Optical waveguides
Optical fiber waveguide with cladding
Utilizing multiple core or cladding
C385S123000, C385S124000, C385S126000, C359S341430
Reexamination Certificate
active
06507689
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to an optical transmission fiber that has improved characteristics for minimizing non-linear effects, and specifically to an optical fiber for use in a wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) system that has two refractive index peaks with the maximum index of refraction difference located in an outer core region.
In optical communication systems, non-linear optical effects are known to degrade the quality of transmission along standard transmission optical fiber in certain circumstances. These non-linear effects, which include four-wave mixing (FWM), self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), modulation instability (MI), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), particularly cause distortion in high power systems. The strength of non-linear effects acting on pulse propagation in optical fibers is linked to the product of the non-linearity coefficient &ggr; and the power P. The definition of the non-linearity coefficient, as given in the paper “Nonlinear pulse propagation in a monomode dielectric guide” by Y. Kodama et al., IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. QE-23, No. 5, 1987, is the following:
γ
=
1
λ
n
eff
∫
0
∞
n
(
r
)
n
2
(
r
)
&LeftBracketingBar;
F
(
r
)
&RightBracketingBar;
4
r
ⅆ
r
[
∫
0
∞
&LeftBracketingBar;
F
(
r
)
&RightBracketingBar;
2
r
ⅆ
r
]
2
(
1
)
where r is the radial coordinate of the fiber, n
eff
is the effective mode refractive index, &lgr; is a signal wavelength, n(r) is the refractive index radial distribution, n
2
(r) is the non-linear index coefficient radial distribution, and F(r) is the fundamental mode radial distribution.
Applicants have identified that equation (1) takes into account the radial dependence of the non-linear index coefficient n
2
which is due to the varying concentration of the fiber dopants used to raise (or to lower) the refractive index with respect to that of pure silica.
If we neglect the radial dependence of the non-linear index coefficient n
2
we obtain a commonly used expression for the coefficient &ggr;.
γ
=
2
π
n
2
λ
A
eff
(
2
)
where we have introduced the so called effective core area, or briefly, effective area,
A
eff
=
2
π
[
∫
0
∞
&LeftBracketingBar;
F
(
r
)
&RightBracketingBar;
2
r
ⅆ
r
]
2
∫
0
∞
&LeftBracketingBar;
F
(
r
)
&RightBracketingBar;
4
r
ⅆ
r
.
(
3
)
The approximation (2), in contrast to the definition (1) does not distinguish between refractive index radial profiles that have the same effective core area A
eff
value but different &ggr; values. While 1/A
eff
is often used as a measure of the strength of non-linear effects in a transmission fiber, &ggr; as defined by equation (1) actually provides a better measure of the strength of those effects.
Group velocity dispersion also provides a limitation to quality transmission of optical signals across long distances. Group velocity dispersion broadens an optical pulse during its transmission across long distances, which may lead to dispersion of the optical energy outside a time slot assigned for the pulse. Although dispersion of an optical pulse can be somewhat avoided by decreasing the spacing between regenerators in a transmission system, this approach is costly and does not allow one to exploit the advantages of repeaterless optical amplification.
One known way of counteracting dispersion is by adding suitable dispersion compensating devices, such as gratings or dispersion compensating fibers, to the telecommunication system.
Furthermore, to compensate dispersion, one trend in optical communications is toward the use of soliton pulses, a particular type of RZ (Return-to-Zero) modulation signal, that maintain their pulse width over longer distances by balancing the effects of group velocity dispersion with the non-linear phenomenon of self-phase modulation. The basic relation that governs soliton propagation in a single mode optical fiber is the following:
P
0
T
0
2
=
cost
D
λ
2
γ
(
4
)
where P
0
is the peak power of a soliton pulse, T
0
is the time duration of the pulse, D is the total dispersion, &ggr; is the center wavelength of the soliton signal, and &ggr; is the previously introduced fiber non-linearity coefficient. Satisfaction of equation (4) is necessary in order for a pulse to be maintained in a soliton condition during propagation.
A possible problem that arises in the transmission of solitons in accordance with equation (4) is that a conventional optical transmission fiber is lossy, which causes the peak power P
0
of the soliton pulse to decrease exponentially along the length of the fiber between optical amplifiers. To compensate for this decrease, one can set the soliton power P
0
at its launch point at a value sufficient to compensate for the subsequent decrease in power along the transmission line. An alternative approach, as disclosed for example in F. M. Knox et al., paper WeC.3.2, page 3.101-104, ECOC '96, Oslo (Norway), is to compensate (with dispersion compensating fiber, although fibre Bragg gratings can also be used) for the dispersion accumulated by the pulses along the stretches of the transmission line where the pulses' peak power is below a soliton propagation condition.
Optical fibers having a low non-linearity coefficient are preferred for use in transmission systems, such as Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) optically amplified WDM systems, as well as non amplified systems, to avoid or limit the non-linear effects mentioned above. Furthermore, fibers with a lower non-linearity coefficient allow an increase in the launch power while maintaining non-linear effects at the same level. An increased launch power in turn means a better S/N ratio at the receiver (lower BER) and/or the possibility to reach longer transmission distances by increasing the amplifier spacing. Accordingly, Applicants have addressed a need for optical fibers having low values of non-linearity coefficient &ggr;.
Also in the case of soliton systems, to increase the spacing between amplifiers one can increase the launch power for the pulses using more powerful amplifiers. In this case, however, equation (4) implies that if the launch power is increased and the soliton pulse duration remains constant, the ratio DA&lgr;
2
/&ggr; must accordingly be increased. Therefore, lower values of non-linear coefficient &ggr; are desirable also to provide an increased distance between line amplifiers in a soliton transmission system.
Patents and publications have discussed the design of optical transmission fibers using a segmented core or double-cladding refractive index profile and fibers having a large effective area. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,579,428 discloses a single-mode optical fiber designed for use in a WDM soliton telecommunication system using optical lumped or distributed amplifiers. Over a preselected wavelength range, the total dispersion for the disclosed optical fiber lies within a preselected range of positive values high enough to balance self-phase modulation for WDM soliton propagation. As well, the dispersion slope lies within a preselected range of values low enough to prevent collisions between WDM solitons and to reduce their temporal and spectral shifts. The proposed fiber of the '428 patent is a segmented core with a region of maximum index of refraction in the core of the fiber.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,679 discloses an optical fiber having a segmented core of a depressed refractive index for making low dispersion, low loss waveguides. The '679 patent discloses a plurality of refractive index profiles including an idealized profile having an area of maximum index of refraction at an annular region outside the inner core of the fiber but inside an outer core annular region.
U.
Roba Giacomo Stefano
Sarchi Davide
Sartori Francesco Gabriele
Tirloni Bartolomeo Italo
Bovernick Rodney
Finnegan Henderson Farabow Garrett & Dunner L.L.P.
Pak Sung
Pirelli Cavi e Sistemi S.p.A.
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