Optical waveguides – Optical waveguide sensor
Reexamination Certificate
1998-12-28
2001-02-06
Kim, Robert (Department: 2877)
Optical waveguides
Optical waveguide sensor
C385S014000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06185344
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an optical device for detecting traces of gaseous hydrogen in situ in an environment at cryogenic temperatures by using a sensor which comprises a fine film of palladium whose optical properties vary as a function of the concentration of hydrogen in contact with the film.
PRIOR ART
The use of micromirror hydrogen sensors is already known for detecting hydrogen close to the explosive threshold, i.e. at a concentration of about 4% in air.
Such sensors comprise a medium such as an optical fiber having cladding and a core with a film of palladium deposited on the end of the fiber by evaporation. In the presence of hydrogen, the film transforms into a hydride of the form PdH
x
. The effect of a change in the concentration of hydrogen is to change the composition of the hydride (by varying x) and also to change the electron structure thereof, thus giving rise to a change in the reflectivity of the film. By measuring the light it reflects, it is possible to deduce the concentration of hydrogen.
Such sensors have been recommended for use at ambient temperature or at temperatures greater than ambient.
However, when such sensors are implemented under operating conditions that are conventional but in environments that are at cryogenic temperature, they do not enable satisfactory sensitivity or sufficiently short response times to be obtained.
OBJECT AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention seeks to remedy the above-mentioned drawbacks and to enable traces of gaseous hydrogen present in an environment at cryogenic temperature, e.g. about 20 K to 80 K to be detected reliably, with a short response time and with satisfactory sensitivity by means of a device that is compact and located in situ.
According to the invention, these objects are achieved by an optical device for in situ detection of traces of gaseous hydrogen in an environment at cryogenic temperature, using a sensor having a fine film of palladium whose optical properties vary as a function of the concentration of hydrogen in contact with the film, the device comprising a palladium micromirror deposited in the form of a film at a first end of a first optical fiber, a first light source emitting a light signal at a predetermined wavelength into a second end of the first optical fiber, means for detecting the light signal as modified after passing in contact with the palladium micromirror that is disposed in the environment at cryogenic temperature, processor circuits for responding to variation in the intensity of the light signal that has been in contact with the palladium micromirror to determine the hydrogen concentration, and localized heating means for heating the palladium micromirror by light radiation, so as to maintain the micromirror in the &agr; phase of palladium.
In a first embodiment, the device comprises a first light source constituted by a laser diode of wavelength &lgr;
1
situated in the near infrared and of power that is less than a few tens of milliwatts for emitting a detection signal via a Y coupler into said second end of the first optical fiber so as to illuminate the rear face of the palladium micromirror, the Y coupler receiving in return the light signal of wavelength &lgr;
1
reflected by the palladium micromirror and applying said reflected light signal via an interference filter to said detector means, and the means for localized heating of the palladium micromirror by light radiation comprise a second light source constituted by a laser diode of wavelength &lgr;
2
situated in the infrared, longer than the wavelength &lgr;
1
and continuously emitting a beam of power lying in the range a few tens to several hundreds of milliwatts, into a first end of a second optical fiber whose second end is situated at a short distance from the palladium micromirror in the environment at cryogenic temperature so as to heat the front face of the micromirror by the light radiation from the second light source and the second optical fiber.
More particularly, the first end of the first optical fiber and the second end of the second optical fiber are united by a ferrule of transparent material provided with orifices for communication with the environment at cryogenic temperature.
In a second embodiment, the device comprises a first light source constituted by a laser diode of wavelength &lgr; situated in the infrared and of power lying in the range a few tens of milliwatts to several hundreds of milliwatts for continuously emitting a detection signal via a Y coupler into said second end of the first optical fiber to illuminate the rear face of the palladium micromirror while simultaneously applying localized heating to said rear face, the Y coupler receiving in return the light signal of wavelength &lgr; as reflected by the palladium micromirror and applying said reflected light signal to said detection means.
In a third embodiment, the device comprises a first light source constituted by a laser diode of wavelength &lgr; situated in the infrared and of power lying in the range a few tens of milliwatts to several hundreds of milliwatts for continuously emitting a detection signal via an optical isolator into said second end of the first optical fiber to illuminate the rear face of the palladium micromirror situated at the first end of the first optical fiber, thereby providing localized heating of said rear face, the light signal of wavelength &lgr; being transmitted through the semitransparent palladium micromirror to a first end of a second optical fiber placed facing the second end of the first optical fiber carrying the palladium micromirror, the second optical fiber having a core of diameter that is equivalent to or greater than the core diameter of the first optical fiber, and, at its second end, applying the light signal transmitted through the palladium micromirror to said detection means.
Advantageously, under such circumstances, adhesive fixes the first optical fiber close to its first end to a transparent support provided with orifices for communicating with the environment at cryogenic temperature, and adhesive also fixes the second optical fiber close to its first end to the support in such a manner that the distance between the first end of the first fiber and the first end of the second fiber is of the order of a few tens of micrometers.
The environment at cryogenic temperatures can be constituted by a gaseous atmosphere, such as nitrogen, or by a liquid fluid such as a cooling oil.
The device of the invention can be applied in particular in space, e.g. to detecting leaks of hydrogen inside the lagging of lines for conveying propellant in a launcher.
REFERENCES:
Butler, M.A., “Micromirror Optical-Fiber Hydrogen Sensor”, Sensors and Actuators B, vol. B22, No. 2, Nov. 1, 1994 pp. 155-163.
Wang, et al., “Research of Fiber-Optic Hydrogen Sensor”, Proceedings of the SPIE: Second International Symposium Measurement Technology and Intelligent Instruments Wuhan, China, 10/11, 1993 vol. 2101, No. 2, pp. 1139-1141.
Bevenot Xavier
Clement Michel
Gagnaire Henri
Kim Robert
Societe National d'Etude de Construction de Moteurs D'
Weingarten, Schurgin Gagnebin & Hayes LLP
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