Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser – Synthetic resins – Processes of preparing a desired or intentional composition...
Reexamination Certificate
2000-12-15
2003-08-05
Cain, Edward J. (Department: 1714)
Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser
Synthetic resins
Processes of preparing a desired or intentional composition...
C523S205000, C523S210000, C523S216000, C523S217000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06602932
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention pertains generally to novel nanoparticles and to methods for synthesizing the same. More particularly, the present invention pertains to novel nanoparticle composites and novel hollow nanometer-sized capsules, each preferably for use in guest encapsulation applications, and methods for synthesizing same.
BACKGROUND ART
The list of potential applications for nanostructured composites and hollow polymeric nanocapsules is long. Drug delivery (Langer, R.
Science
(1990) 249:1527; Peppas, N. A. and Langer, R.
Science
(1994) 263:1715; Langer, R.
Acc. Chem. Res.
(1993) 26:537); cell and enzyme transplantation (Pathak, C. P., et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
(1992) 114:8311; Gill, I. and Ballesteros, A.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
(1998) 120:8587), contaminated waste removal (
Chem. Eng. News
(1999) 77:32), gene therapy (Kmiec, E. B.,
Am. Sci.
(1999) 87:240) and heterogeneous catalysis (Morris, C. A. et al.,
Science
(1999) 284:622) comprise representative applications.
In response to the growing need for encapsulation materials, several different routes to hollow ceramic and polymeric capsules have been attempted. For example, dendrimers (Zhao, M., et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
(1998) 120:4877), block copolymers (Thurmond, K. B., II, et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
(1997) 119:6656; Macknight, W. J., et al.,
Acc. Chem. Res.
(1998) 31:781; Harada, A. and Kataoka, K.
Science
(1999), 283:65), vesicles (Hotz, J. and Meier, W.
Langmuir
(1998) 14:1031; Discher, B. M., et al.,
Science
(1999) 284:1143), hydrogels (Kataoka, K. et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
(1998) 120:12694) and template-synthesized microtubules (Martin, C. R. and Parthasarathy, R. V.
Adv. Mater.
(1995) 7:487) have been proposed for use as encapsulants for catalytic metal clusters, small molecules, or enzymes.
Other recent efforts to provide methods for the synthesis of hollow capsules have attempted to employ nanometer- and micrometer-sized particles as a template from which to grow the capsule shell. See e.g. Giersig, M. et al.
Adv. Mater.
(1997) 9:575; Caruso, F. et al.
Science
(1998) 282:1111. However, these attempts are substantially limited by time-consuming sequential polyelectric deposition cycles.
Despite the disclosure of the foregoing methods, no currently available synthetic nanoparticles have been adapted to meet desirable requirements for delivery/encapsulation materials. These criteria include, in part:
(1) Mild synthetic conditions so as not to destroy the normal function of a bioactive species (e.g., cell, drug or enzyme) to be encapsulated;
(2) Stability under physiological or environmental conditions for extended periods (up to several years for biological use);
(3) Selective size and permeability to allow passage of small molecule substrates or drugs while precluding passage of large or immunoglobulins or other fouling agents;
(4) Small size (<100 nm) and narrow size dispersity; and
(5) The ability to localize biomolecules in the capsule interior.
Thus, there is a long-felt and continuing need in the art for a novel nanoparticle composite or nanocapsule, and synthesis methods for the same, that address the requirements stated above. Such nanoparticle composites and nanocapsules, and synthesis methods for same, are not currently available in the art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method for synthesizing nanoparticle composites is provided. The method comprises providing a nanoparticle template; and forming a shell on the nanoparticle template by polymerizing a monomer on the nanoparticle template to form a nanoparticle composite defined by the shell and the nanoparticle template.
A method for synthesizing hollow nanoscopic capsules is also provided. The method comprises providing a nanoparticle template; forming a shell on the nanoparticle template by polymerizing a monomer on the nanoparticle template; and dissolving the nanoparticle template to form a hollow nanocapsule defined by the shell.
A method for encapsulating a guest molecule in a nanoparticle is also disclosed. The method comprises providing a nanoparticle template conjugated to a guest molecule; and forming a shell on the nanoparticle template by polymerizing a monomer on the nanoparticle template to thereby encapsulate the guest molecule. In a more preferred embodiment, the method further comprises dissolving the nanoparticle template to form a nanocapsule defined by the capsule shell material, wherein the guest material resides in the nanocapsule.
Novel nanoparticle composites and novel hollow nanometer-sized capsules are also disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, the nanoparticle composites and nanometer-sized capsules further comprise a guest molecule. In a more preferred embodiment, the nanoparticle composites and nanometer-sized capsules are synthesized by the methods of the present invention.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide novel nanoparticle composites, multilayered nanoparticle composites and hollow nanocapsules, and methods for synthesizing the same. The object is achieved in whole or in part by the present invention.
An object of the invention having been stated hereinabove, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanying Drawings and Examples as best described hereinbelow.
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Donath et al., “Novel Hollow Polymer Shells by Colloid-Templated Assembly of Polyelectrolytes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 37 (No. 16), p. 2202-2205, (1998).
Caruso et al., “Nanoengineering of Inorganic and Hybrid Hollow Spheres by Colloidal Templating,” Science, vol. 282 (No. 6), p. 1111-1114, (1998).
Marinakos et al., “Gold Nanoparticles as Templates for the Synthesis of Hollow Nanometer-Sized Conductive Polymer Capsules,” Adv. Mater., vol. 11 (No. 1), p. 34-37, (1999).
Marinakos et al., “Gold Particles as Templates for the Synthesis of Hollow Polymer Capsules. Control of Capsule Dimensions and Guest Encapsulation,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 121 (No. 37), p. 8518-8522, (1999).
Marinakos et al., “Template Synthesis of One-Dimentional Au, Au-Poly(pyrrole), and Poly(pyrrole) Nanoparticle Arrays,” Chem. Mater., vol. 10, p. 1214-1219, (1998).
Feldheim Daniel L.
Marinakos Stella M.
Shultz David A.
Cain Edward J.
Jenkins & Wilson & Taylor, P.A.
North Carolina State University
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