Pulse or digital communications – Repeaters – Testing
Reexamination Certificate
1996-10-03
2001-02-20
Pham, Chi H. (Department: 2731)
Pulse or digital communications
Repeaters
Testing
Reexamination Certificate
active
06192068
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention deals with the field of multiple access communications using Spread Spectrum modulation. Multiple access can be classified as either random access, polling, TDMA, FDMA, CDMA or any combination thereof. Spread Spectrum can be classified as Direct Sequence, Frequency-Hopping or a combination of the two.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Commonly used spread spectrum techniques are Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) as explained respectively in Chapters 13 and 15 of “Digital Communication” by J. G. Proakis, Third Edition, 1995, McGraw Hill. DSSS (See Simon M. K. et al., “Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook,” Revised Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1994 and see Dixon, R. C., “Spread Spectrum systems with commercial applications,” Wiley InterScience, 1994) is a communication scheme in which information symbols are spread over code bits (generally called chips). It is customary to use noise-like codes called pseudo-random noise (PN) sequences. These PN sequences have the property that their auto-correlation is almost a delta function. In other words, proper codes perform an invertible randomized spreading of the information sequence. The advantages of this information spreading are:
1. The transmitted signal can be buried in noise and thus has a low probability of intercept.
2. The receiver can recover the signal from interferers (such as other transmitted codes) with a jamming margin that is proportional to the spreading code length.
3. DSSS codes of duration longer than the delay spread of the propagation channel can lead to multipath diversity implementable using a Rake receiver.
4. The FCC and Industry Canada have allowed the use of unlicensed low power DSSS systems of code lengths greater than or equal to 10 (part
15
rules) in some frequency bands (the ISM bands). It is the last advantage (i.e. advantage 4. above) that has given much interest recently to DSSS.
An obvious limitation of DSSS systems is the limited throughput they can offer. In any given bandwidth, W, a code of length M will reduce the effective bandwidth to W/M. To increase the overall bandwidth efficiency, system designers introduced Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) where multiple DSSS communication links can be established simultaneously over the same frequency band provided each link uses a unique code that is noise-like, i.e. provided the cross-correlation between codes is almost null. Examples of CDMA is the next generation of digital Cellular communications in North America: “the TIA Interim Standard IS-95,” (see QUALCOMM Inc., “An overview of the application of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to digital cellular systems and personal cellular networks,” May 21, 1992 and see Viterbi, A. J., “CDMA, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications,” Addison-Wesley, 1995) where a Base Station (BS) communicates to a number of Mobile Stations (MS) simultaneously over the same channel. The MSs share one carrier frequency during the mobile-to-base link (also known as the reverse link) which is 45 MHz away from the one used by the BS during the base-to-mobile link (also known as the forward link). During the forward link, the BS transceiver is assigned N codes where N is less than or equal to M and M is the number of chips per DSSS code. During the reverse link each MS is assigned a unique code.
CDMA problems are:
1. The near-far problem on the reverse link: an MS transmitter “near” the BS receiver can overwhelm the reception of codes transmitted from other MSs that are “far” from the BS.
2. Synchronization on the reverse link: synchronization is complex (especially) if the BS receiver does not know in advance either the identity of the code being transmitted, or its time of arrival.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
We have recognized that low power DSSS systems would be ideal communicators provided the problems of CDMA could be resolved. In order to avoid both the near-far problem and the synchronization problem that exist on the reverse link of a CDMA system, we have opted in this patent to use only the forward link at all times for MCSS Types I and II. This is achieved within a specified channel by allowing only one transceiver to transmit at a time within a certain coverage area. Such a transceiver is forced during transmission to act as the BS in transmit mode while the remaining transceivers are forced to act as MSs in receive mode. In this patent, we refer to such a modulation scheme as MultiCode Spread Spectrum (MCSS).
On the other hand, both the near-far problem and the synchronization problem that exist on the reverse link of a CDMA system are reduced drastically by using MCSS Type III. In this case, each user is assigned one code and each code is assigned a guard time such that it starts to transmit only after a given amount of time relative to any adjacent codes. By forcing the users to have separate start times, MCSS Type III forces the codes to be (quasi) orthogonal as long as the guard time between adjacent codes is long enough.
When viewed as DSSS, a MCSS receiver requires up to N correlators (or equivalently up to N Matched Filters) (such as in QUALCOMM Inc.“An overview of the application of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to digital cellular systems and personal cellular networks, May 21, 1994 and as in Viterbi, A. J., “CDMA, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications,” Addison-Wesley, 1995) with a complexity of the order of NM operations. When both N and M are large, this complexity is prohibitive. In addition, a nonideal communication channel can cause InterCode Interference (ICI), i.e. interference between the N SS codes at the receiver. In this patent, we introduce three new types of MCSS. MCSS Type I allows the information in a MCSS signal to be detected using a sequence of partial correlations with a combined complexity of the order of M operations. MCSS Type II allows the information in a MCSS signal to be detected in a sequence of low complexity parallel operations while reducing the ICI. MCSS Type III allows the information in a MCSS signal to be detected in a sequence of low complexity Multiply and Accumulate (MAC) operations implementable as a filter, which reduce the effect of multipath. In addition to low complexity detection and ICI reduction, our implementation of MCSS has the advantage that it is spectrally efficient since N can be made approximately equal to M. In DSSS, N=1 while in CDMA typically N<0.4M.
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Fattouche Michel T.
Milligan Paul R.
Snell David L.
Zaghloul Hatim
Christensen O'Connor Johnson & Kindness PLLC
Pham Chi H.
Tran Khai
Wi-Lan Inc.
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