Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Immunoglobulin – antiserum – antibody – or antibody fragment,... – Monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof
Patent
1994-12-05
1999-07-06
Loring, Susan A.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Immunoglobulin, antiserum, antibody, or antibody fragment,...
Monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof
4241331, 5303873, 5303879, 5303881, 53038822, 435328, 435331, 435334, A61K 39395, C12P 2108, C07K 1600, C12N 506
Patent
active
059194537
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The interferons (IFN) constitute a group of secreted proteins which exhibit a wide range of biological activities and are characterized by their capacity to induce an antiviral state in vertebrate cells (I. Gresser and M. G. Tovey Biochem Biophys. Acta 516:231, 1978). There are three antigenic classes of IFN: alpha (.alpha.), beta (.beta.) and gamma. IFN.alpha. and IFN.beta. together are known as the type I interferon.
Natural type I human interferon comprises 12 or more closely related proteins encoded by distinct genes with a high degree of structural homology (Weissmann and Weber, Prog. Nucl. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol. 33:251, 1986).
The human IFN.alpha. locus comprises two subfamilies. The first subfamily consists of 14 non allelic genes and 4 pseudogenes having at least 80% homology. The second subfamily, .alpha.II or omega (.omega.), contains 5 pseudogenes and 1 functional gene which exhibits 70% homology with the IFN.alpha. genes (Weissmann and Weber 1986).
The subtypes of IFN.alpha. have different specific activities but they possess the same biological spectrum (Streuli et al. PNAS-USA 78:2848, 1981) and have the same cellular receptor (Agnet M. et al. in "Interferon 5" Ed. I. Gresser p. 1-22, Academic Press, London 1983).
The interferon .beta. (IFN.beta.) is encoded by a single gene which has approximately 50% homology with the IFN.alpha. genes.
The interferon a subtypes and interferon .beta. bind to the same receptor on the cell surface.
The interferon gamma (IFN gamma) is also encoded by a single copy, which has little homology with the IFN.alpha. and IFN.beta. genes. The receptor for IFN gamma is distinct from the receptor of the .alpha. and .beta. interferons.
For the purpose of the present invention the receptor of .alpha. and .beta. classes of IFN will be designated IFN-R. This represents natural type I receptor. The group of proteins forming natural interferon .alpha. will be designated IFN.alpha., and type I-IFN will represent both natural IFN.alpha., IFN.omega., and IFN.beta..
Despite the fact that interferon is a potent antiviral agent, there is considerable evidence to suggest, that many of the characteristic symptoms of acute virus diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections are caused by an overproduction of interferon alpha. Furthermore, IFN alpha has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of certain chronic virus infections in experimental animals and the available evidence suggests that this is also the case for certain human chronic virus diseases such as those due to measles virus.
The interferons .alpha. are also potent immunoregulatory molecules which stimulate polyclonal B-cell activation, enhance NK cell cytotoxicity, inhibit T-cell functions, and modulate the expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 antigens, all of which are implicated in the induction of autoimmunity and in graft rejection. The abnormal production of interferon .alpha. is associated with a number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type I diabetes, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Behcet's disease, aplastic anemia, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and severe combined immunodeficiency disease. The presence of interferon .alpha. in the serum of patients with systemic lupus is correlated with both the clinical and humoral signs of increased disease activity. The production of interferon .alpha. in HIV positive subjects is also highly predictive of disease evolution.
Administration of interferon .alpha. has been reported to exacerbate underlying disease in patients with psoriasis and multiple sclerosis and to induce a SLE like syndrome in patients without a previous history of autoimmune disease. Interferon .alpha. has also been shown to induce glomerulonephritis in normal mice and to accelerate the outset of the spontaneous autoimmune disease of NZB/W mice.
Interferon .alpha. is also produced during the course of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in parallel with the enhanced NK cell a
REFERENCES:
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Riechmann et al., "Reshaping Human Antibodies for Therapy", vol. 332, Mar. 25, 1988, pp. 323-327.
Colamonichi et al., "Characterization of Three Monoclonal Antibodies that Recognize the Interferon .alpha.2 Receptor", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 87, Sep. 1990, pp. 7230-7234.
Langer et al., "Interferon Receptors", Immun. Today, vol. 9, No. 12, Dec. 1988, pp. 393-400.
Benoit et al., "A Monoclonal Antibody to Recombinant Human IFN-.alpha. Receptor Inhibits Biologic Activity of Several Species of Human IFN-.alpha., IFN-.beta., and IFN-.DELTA..sup.1 ", Journ. of Immun., vol. 150, No. 3, Feb. 1993, pp. 707-716.
Yonehara et al., "Monoclonal Anti-Idiotype Antibody for Anti-Human Interferon-.alpha. that complete with Interferon-.alpha. in Binding to Human Cell Surface and Inhibit the Interferon Action", Elsevier Sci. Publ. BV, (1986), pp. 167-171.
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Benoit Patrick
Maguire Debborah
Meyer Francois
Plavec Ivan
Tovey Michael G.
Laboratoire European De Biotechnologie S.A.
Loring Susan A.
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